Mountains, Volcanoes and Earthquakes

Building Locational Knowledge: Europe

Water, Weather and Climate

Building Locational Knowledge: North America

Rivers

Building Locational Knowledge: United Kingdom

Migration

Building Locational Knowledge: Hemispheres and Tropics

Natural Resources

Building Locational Knowledge: South America

Local Fieldwork

Biomes

Energy and Sustainability

Population

Globalisation

Geography

Y3 Geography

Key Stage 2

Year 3

UNIT

In today's lesson, we will be learning about the water on planet Earth and where it is stored. We will also be learning about the Water Cycle.

Where is Earth's water?

﻿Hi everyone, my name is Miss Dhillon and the question we are going to be exploring in today's lesson is where is Earth's water? Don't you just love a fresh glass of water? We use water everyday. So it's really important for us to understand and know where it comes from. Let's start by looking at the structure of today's lesson. This is what it's going to look like. We're going to start with the star words. Then we're going to think about the question, where is Earth's water? We're going to then look at states of matter, looking at real life examples and finally, finishing with the water cycle. For this lesson, you will need a piece of paper or exercise book, a pen, pencil and your brains, because we're going to be doing a lot of new learning in today's lesson. Let's start by going through the key words. These are the star words for today's lesson and we're going to call them out using my turn. and then your turn, are you ready? Freshwater, saline, glaciers, icecaps, solid, liquid, gas, evaporation, condensation, precipitation. That one's quite tricky, let's do it one more time. Precipitation, good job runoff, fantastic. I'ma give you a second, just to look at those key words for today's lesson. First, we're going to look at the question, where is Earth's water? Earth's water is almost everywhere, above the Earth, in the air and clouds and on the surface of Earth. In rivers, oceans, in ice, plants and in living things like you and I. Now let's have a look at the diagram to find out whether the Earth's water exists? Let's look a little bit closer. The bar chart shows how almost all of Earth's water, 96.5% is saline. Saline means it has salt in it. What does saline mean again? Good, that it has lots of salt in it and it is found mainly in oceans. Where is most of the Earth's water found? Look at the bar graph to help you. Good, in the oceans, 96.5% of all water is found in oceans. Of that small amount, let's look a little bit closer. Only 2.5% is actually freshwater, which is water that we can actually use to sustain, which means to support human, plant and animal life. Look at the diagram closely. Approximately what percentage of Earth's water is freshwater? Water that we can actually use, use the graph to help you. You should have said 2.5% is freshwater. Well done, you're doing really well interpreting data so far. Now, let's have a look at the next bar. This shows the breakdown of freshwater and is only the 2.5%, which is a tiny bit at the very top of the first bar graph and is the freshwater only. So the second bar graph, even though it's the same size, which seems a bit confusing, it's only showing the 2.5 freshwater and is breaking that down even further. As you can see, almost all our freshwater is locked up in glaciers, icecaps and in the ground. So only 1.2%, which is only a tiny percent of all freshwater is surface water, which actually serves most of life's need. The rest of it is locked up in glaciers, icecaps and in the ground, good job team. Finally, let's look at the third bar. This shows the breakdown of that surface freshwater that we can use. Most of the water is locked up in ice, let's look a little bit closer. So you can see the bottom part of the third graph, where it says surface water and other freshwater. Most of it is locked up in ice. Moving upwards, you can see 20.9% is found in lakes. Rivers make up 0.49% of surface freshwater. Although rivers only account for small parts of freshwater, this is actually where humans get a large portion of their water. So, just to summarise most our water comes from oceans, 96.5%. Only 2.5% of the whole global water is freshwater, which is water we can actually use to sustain life. If we look at the breakdown of freshwater, most of it it's locked in glaciers, icecaps and in the ground. Only 1.2% is surface water that we can actually use. Finally, let's look at that graph to summarise, most of surface water is in ice. However, 20.9% is found in lakes and rivers make up 0.49% of all surface freshwater. I know that it's really tricky, looking at data and interpreting it, but that's what real geographers do. So really well done for paying attention. Now I would like you to show that you understand the diagrams by looking at these statements and deciding whether they are true or they are false. Let's look at the first statement. So, most of Earth's water is salty. Is this true or is this false? I'm going to give you a few seconds to think about that. Okay, so you should have said that is true because most of the water on earth is saline, which means it is salty. So well done, if you've got that question right. Now, let's look at the next statement. Most of Earth's water is able to be used by humans. Is this true or false? Okay, you should have said it's false. Only 2.5% of water is freshwater, which is water that we can actually use. The rest of it is really, really salty or saline, well done. Let's have a look at the next statement. Nearly, 70% of the Earth's freshwater is frozen in glaciers. A large river of ice that is usually found sliding slowly down a mountain or icecaps, which are thick layer of ice that covers an area of land. Is this true that nearly 70% is found in places in glaciers and icecaps. You might want to look at the bar graphs another time, just to double check before you say, whether it's true or false, I'm going to give you a few seconds. Okay, so you should have said that is true. And the reason it's true is because nearly 68.7%, which is nearly 70% is trapped in glaciers and in icecaps. Let's look at the next statement. Most of Earth's water is underground. Is that true or is that false? I'm going to give you a clue, you can look at the second bar graph to help you. Okay team, you should have said that it's actually false. And the reason this is because if you look at the second bar graph, you can see that most of freshwater is actually found in glaciers and in icecaps and only 30.1% is underground. So, we can use that data to help us decide whether it's true or false. Finally, there is more freshwater in rivers than in lakes. Is this true or is this false? I'm going to give you a little clue, look at the third bar graph to help you with this one. Okay, so you should have said false. And the reason this is because rivers is only 0.49%, whereas lakes are 20.9%. So there's more freshwater in lakes than there are in rivers. Well done geographers, you have done a really good job at interpreting some data. Now it's your turn to have a go at a task. For this task, you will need to match up the water store with the correct percentage. For example, let's look at the total global water. Under that you can see is the option of oceans. Now, I need you to think back to the bar graphs that we were just interpreting and I know that oceans make up 96.5%. So I can match those two together. Pause the video now and complete the task on the screen. The task is really going to challenge you, so give it your best shot. Did you get the right answers? Well done, if you did. We know that oceans make up most of the Earth's water so that is the largest percentage. So, even though we might not remember the exact percentage, we do know it's above 90%. So we can use that to estimate and pick the correct answer. This was a tricky question, so if you challenge yourself to have a go at all of these, really well done. I'm just going to leave this up for a second, so you can Mark your answers. Okay team, now we are going to look at different states of matter. There are three different states of matter, solid, liquid and gas. Water can be a solid or liquid or a gas. For example, when it's a solid, it is an ice cube. When it's a liquid, it's like running water. And when it's gas, it can be water vapour. For example, water and other liquids can change state depending on the energy that the particles have. On the screen, you can see the particle diagrams for solid, liquid and gas. Notice that for the solid, the particles really close together. For the liquid, they are some are touching, but some are further apart. And for gas, the particles are not touching and they're really free to move. When water becomes very cold and goes below zero degrees Celsius, it will freeze and become ice. What will it become? Good job, it will become ice. Ice is a solid, ice is a, good a solid. And remember in the solid, the particles are really close together. We call this a change in state. The liquid, water has become ice. So has turned from a liquid to a solid. And we can show that with an arrow to show that it's changed states. Now let's look at what happens when heat is applied to water. So think about when you boil some water in a pan or a kettle or someone at home might do that, an adult. The water becomes water vapour. So this is the steam that you can see this coming off is water vapour and this is a gas. So in this example, when you start heating water, liquid becomes a gas. And in this case it becomes water vapour. Remind me again, liquid turns into gas when it is heated, good job. Now it's your turn to have a go, pause the video now to have a go at the task on the screen. Remember to use the diagrams to help you. How did you do this time? Well done, if you've got that answer correct. Have you ever wondered, why puddles disappear on a hot day? It is because of evaporation. My turn your turn, evaporation. Evaporation is when a liquid turns into a gas. When a liquid turns into a, a gas excellent job. And this is called evaporation, well done. Evaporation is when the liquid turns into gas. Now on a hot day, the water absorbs the heat energy from the sun. The heat then causes the water, which is a liquid to evaporate, which means it turns into a gas called water vapour. Can you remind me, what is this gas called when it evaporates? Good, water vapour. So in this process, the water, which is a liquid evaporates because it's heated up with the sun's energy. And it turns into a gas, which is called water vapour, good job. For this task, I would like you to describe the change in state for evaporation by filling in the missing gaps. Pause the video now to complete this task. How did you do this time? Well done, if you remembered what evaporation is. Now, let's have a look at another real life example. When you are having a lovely hot bath or shower, what happens to the mirror or the window in the bathroom? Think for a second and then shout your answer out loud. What happens to the window or to the mirror? That's correct, you might said, that you can see that it is wet or that it has little water droplets on the surface. Now, let me explain the science behind this. When the warm steam from your shower or your bath meets the cold surface of the mirror or the window, it cools down. It, good it cools down. And so it condenses, my turn your turn, condenses, good job. It condenses to form water droplets. So the water that you can see on the mirror is the hot steam, cooling down and condensing to make little water droplets. This process is known as condensation. My turn your turn, condensation, good job. This is when steam turns from a gas into a liquid. What does it go from? Good, a gas into a liquid. So condensation is a small water droplets, and it is liquid water on your mirror or your window, when you have a bath or a shower. Pause the video now to have a go, at the task on the screen. Remember to use the diagram to help you. Did you realise that this statement was false? If you did, really well done. Condensation is when water vapour, which is a gas, becomes a liquid, not a solid. Water on earth is constantly moving. It is recycled over and over again. This recycling process is called the water cycle. Let's have a look at the first part of the water cycle. The sun heats up water on land, in rivers, lakes and seas and turns it into water vapour, which is a gas. Can you point to the ocean and rivers in the diagram for me? Good job, so when the water heats up, the water vapour rises into the air. It does what? Good, it rise it into the air and this process is called evaporation. What is it called? Evaporation, fantastic. So step one is that the water evaporates into the air from the oceans. And this happens because of water heats up because of the sun's energy or we call it solar energy. Now it's time for me to test you to see if you're paying attention. What three labels are missing on the diagram of the water cycle? Did you say solar energy, evaporation and ocean? Well done team, you are showing some great listening and you're really paying attention. Let's now have a look at what happens next. Water vapour, which is the gas, in the air now cools down and changes back into tiny droplets of liquid water, forming clouds. Put your finger on the keyword condensation, fantastic team. So number two represents condensation, this is when the water vapour cools and turns back into liquid water droplets. I would now like you to pause the video, to have a go at the task on the screen. Here is the answer, did you choose the correct option? Well done, if you did. Let's now have a look at the third step in the water cycle. The clouds now get heavy and waterfalls back to the ground in the form of rain, snow, sleet or hail. We call this precipitation, my turn your turn, precipitation. Excellent job team. So can you remind me, in what forms can precipitation come down in? It can come down as rain, snow, sleet or hail. So well done, if you said any of those. Now again, it's time for me to test you to see if you're paying attention. What three labels are missing on the diagram of the water cycle. Okay, you should have said condensation, evaporation and precipitation. Well done, if you manage to get any of those answers. Now for next your brand new point, can you tell me an example of precipitation? Great recall, you might have said rain, snow, sleet or hail. You are doing a great job at remembering these new key words, well done everyone. In the final stage of the water cycle, the water now returns to the ocean. Rain water runs over the land and collects in lakes or rivers, which take it back to the ocean. The cycle then starts all over again. This is what I meant when I said water gets recycled. Now that should make more sense to you. Thank you for all your effort, so far team. You are now ready to challenge yourself to remember as many of the key words as possible in the water cycle. I wonder, who is up for that challenge? For this task, I would like you to write down the numbers and the correct key words that goes in that position on the diagram. Pause the video now to complete this task. How did you do this time team? Take a few moments to see if you matched up the correct number with the correct key word. How did you do, did you get most, if not all of these correct? Wow, I am so impressed. You are really talking like geographers now. Is now time for you to complete the end of lesson quiz. Enjoy the rest of the day, everyone. And I can't wait to see you in lesson two, where we will be learning more about the weather and the climate, bye everyone.

In this lesson, we will be looking at the differences between weather and climate. We will also be looking at the six components that make up the weather.

What makes up the weather?

﻿Hi everyone? My name is Miss Dhillon. And last lesson, we were exploring the question, where is earth's water? And some of you were really surprised to find out that only 2.5% of the global water is fresh water. Incredible. Now, the question we're going to be exploring, in today's lesson is, what makes up whether? We're going to start by looking at the structure of today's lesson. We're going to start with the star words then we're going to look at the components of weather, there are six in today's lesson. Then we're going to look at the difference between weather and climate. And finally, we're going to consider, how does the weather affect us? For this lesson you will need an exercise book or paper, pen or pencil, and definitely your brains. On the screen you can see the key words or the star words for today's lesson. I'm going to be explaining the star words in more detail throughout the lesson. But for now, let's use my turn-your turn, to say these key words. Are you ready? Weather, climate, temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, precipitation, troposphere, thermometer and meteorologist. Good job. So you can see that some of those star words look a little bit tricky, but I will be explaining them in more depth, in today's lesson. So let's start off by thinking about the question, what is weather? We talk about it a lot but what does it actually mean? The term weather refers to the temporary, which means not permanent, it's not all the time it's just for the now, is temporary conditions of the atmosphere. Because they're temporary because they can change from hour to hour or from day to day. So the weather in one moment, it can be really nice on the outside, like it is right now, and then all of a sudden, in 15 minutes time, it can start raining. So that's why weather is temporary. Can you say that word after me? My turn-your turn, temporary. Good job. Now, with the weather, there are six main components or parts. One of these is temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity. Now humidity is how much moisture that is in the air. So when you go to a really hot tropical country it has quite high humidity. Which means there's a lot of moisture in the air, you can usually feel it on your skin as well. Precipitation. Do you remember what is precipitation? Remember, it's not just rain. Good, it could be rain, snow, sleet or hail. And finally, the last component of weather is cloudiness. So, there are six components that make up weather. Can you say all six for me, starting from the top? Good job. Okay. So, now we know, that the weather is made up of six components. I would now like to think about most of the weather, where does it actually occur? So most of the weather actually occurs in the troposphere. My turn-your turn, troposphere. Good job. Now the proper troposphere is from the earth surface, so from the ground, to a height of about six to 10 kilometres. And this is the height where you usually see aeroplanes flying. Do you know how we measure temperature? Some of you might have already know the answer and if you do well done. We use a thermometer to measure how hot or cold it is. My turn-your turn, thermometer. Good job. And thermometer it usually measures temperature in either degree celsius or in fahrenheit, depending on where you are and which one you prefer to use. We are now going to play a little memory game and I know how much you love to play these games with me. So, I wonder if you can remember, all six components of the weather. Now you can pause the video before we start the game, just if you need a little bit longer to learn all six on the screen. So you do pause it before we start the game. Okay, so hopefully you've gone through all six, and now we will start a memory game. So which of the six main components of weather is missing? Say out loud. Did you say wind? Good job. Okay, on that one wind is missing. So now you know how the memory game works. Are you ready for the next one? What's missing this time? Say out loud. Good, you should've said cloudiness is missing. Next round. Good, so you remember the pink boxes missing and it is? Temperature, good job. Next one. Say out loud. Good, is humidity. Well done and keep going. Are you ready for the next one? I know it's getting a little bit harder, but keep trying, 'cause you're doing a really good job. Did you say precipitation? If so, well done. That is the correct answer. Final one. Can you remember the last component? Out loud? Good. Atmospheric pressure. This is how much pressure there is in the atmosphere. Wow, all's on recall. I hope you had lots of fun playing that memory game because I definitely really enjoyed it too. It really helps you revise and make sure that you can remember all the key information. So you can play that yourself if really enjoyed that game. Now that we have discussed what weather is, which is temporary conditions in the atmosphere which change day to day and hour to hour, now I would like you to brainstorm and write down all the types of weather that you can think of. For example, I know that one type of weather is cold. We can feel cold because it can be cold outside. So, writing a bullet point list, can you continue brainstorming all the types of weather? The first one has been done for you. Pause the video now, to complete the task. Okay, there's lots of answers here. So on the screen, you can see some of the types of weather that I could think of and you might have mentioned. Have a look at the list and see, which ones did you not think of? We have now discussed what weather is, so let's just recap before we move on. Weather is temporary. Which means it change from hour to hour and day to day. Now let's look at what climate is, because climate is slightly different. And sometimes people confuse the two. Climate is the average weather conditions of a location, over a period of time. So for example, we can say that in England, on average, we have quite warm summers, so it gets really quite warm in June, July and in August, and we have mild winters, which means our winters are not too cold. Not as cold as for example, Russia or Serbia, for example. And we do have rainfall all year round. So that is the average conditions in England. So it's different from weather because weather changes day to day or hour to hour. Climate is an average. Finally, a meteorologist. Now, a meteorologist is someone who studies the weather. Who is a meteorologist? Good, someone who studies the weather. Can you say after me, meteorologist. Good job. So, a lot of new information. The key thing to remember is climate is an average, weather is temporary and changes from hour to hour and day to day. Good job too. So now I'd like you to pause the video and have a go at the task on the screen. Did you remember that correctly? Well done. Let's have a go at practising saying it one more time. Meteorologist. Good job. A meteorologist is someone who studies the weather. Now that I have explained the differences between the weather and the climate, I would now like you to read each statement that is on the screen and say whether it is climate or whether it is weather. Let's have a go at the first one together. Let's read it. The Sahara desert is hot and dry all year round. Now, I can see that, the statement is describing the average weather conditions in the Sahara desert all year round. Therefore I think that it's describing the climate not the weather. Let's double check if I'm correct. Awesome, so I am correct. Okay so, it's saying, the average conditions is really hot and dry all year round, so that is climate. So now you want to stand the task let's have a look at the next one. Today has been really hot and sunny. Is that describing the climate or the weather? Say out loud if you having it already. So you should have said that is describing the weather because it's describing the conditions on a particular day. Last Wednesday was really windy. Is this just describing the climate or the weather? You should have said weather. And this is because it's describing what it's like on one particular day even if it is just last Wednesday. Greece is always hot in the summer. Is that describing the weather or the climate? For this one, you should have said climate because it's describing the average weather in Greece, which is hot all summer. Let's have a look at the next one. England has cold and wet winters. Is that describing the weather or the climate? You should have said it's describing the climates because it is describing a long period of time, the whole of winter, and it's saying on average, it is cold and it is wet, in England. There was a huge thunderstorm last night. Is that describing the weather or the climate? For this one, you should have said that it's describing the weather because it's happening on a particular day, in this case, last night. The average temperature in Sydney, Australia, is 23 degrees. As a challenge an you pick the word that gives this away? Okay, so hopefully, you notice the word average and straight away you said that this is describing the climate. This morning we didn't have to go to school because it snowed. Is this describing the weather or the climate? So this is describing the weather. And the reason this is, is because it's happening this morning, so it's on a particular day, and as a result of it you can't go to school. So hopefully, you now are better understanding the difference between climate, which is an average, and a weather, which changes by an hour or by day to day, so therefore it's temporary. Now it's time for you to have go at a task. What I would like you to do is much of the key words with the correct definition. Pause the video now to complete this task. On the screen, you can now see the correct answers. Take a moment to check your answers. Did you remember all three correctly? Well done if you did. I know you're trying really hard to remember all the new information. So really well done and good efforts so far. We are now going to learn about how the weather affects us, you and I. One of the things you probably do every morning is get up and look outside the window to see what the weather is like. Look outside the window now. What is the weather like today? Looking outside and listening to the day's forecast helps you decide what clothes to wear. For example, if it is nice and sunny outside, you might want to wear shorts or a dress. But if it is really cold and windy outside, you would want to wear a jacket. So the weather affects our decisions about what we would like to wear that day. The weather also affects what activities we want to do in the day. If you don't have school and the weather is looking really sunny outside, you might want to go on a picnic or play some sport at the park. A rainy day, however, might mean you think about visiting a museum or staying in doors where you're nice and dry and you can read a book instead. Or weather can also affect us by making us change our plans. For example, if I had a football match in the afternoon, but in the morning it was raining, it might mean that the football pitch is flooded. And therefore my plans to play football have to be cancelled because the weather doesn't allow us to play. That is an example of how you might change your plans as a result of the weather. The weather can also have a big impact on travel. For example, trains can be delayed during extreme weather. For example, if it's really, really hot. And this is because metal expands when it is exposed to heat. As a result is not safe to travel on trains and therefore that's why they might be delayed or completely cancelled as a result of severe weather. Another example, is flights being delayed, or being cancelled due to weather. Sometimes the weather outside looks fine but the flight is still delayed because the airline wants to make sure that, that on the whole journey, everything is fine. And that there's nothing that might put the crew, the plane or the passengers in danger. Now we're going to think about another way that weather can affect us. A very recent example of how weather can affect people, is in India. Heavy rainfall has caused crop damage in six states in India. Heavy rainfall can affect the quality of the crop. For example, wheat. And now this makes it really hard for farmers to sell their crops. This then puts them in a lot of pressure too. Because they rely on selling their crops in order to make money to feed themselves and their families. It also means that if their crops are damaged, all the hard work they put into growing this crop, goes to waste. Severe weather, such as floods, which you can see on the left hand side and tornadoes or hurricanes and blitzes, they can destruct people's life because of the destruction that they cause. People might lose their homes or loved ones, like family or friends, and this can have a huge impact on someone's life. Have a look at the pictures on the screen. On the left, you can see damage caused in Orlando, USA, due to a tornado. On the right hand side, you can see a town that has been flooded. What damage can you see or think has been caused due to extreme weather? You will use the pictures to help you but you might also have other ideas of how it might have affected the people involved. Pause the video now, to come up with all your ideas about how the weather has affected the people that live in these towns. So on the left, you can see that the car has been damaged by a tree. You might have said that this would affect someone because they might rely on their car to get to work or take people to school. Therefore it's made these daily tasks much, much trickier because they haven't got a car anymore. That works. On the right hand side, you might've said, because the street is full of water it might have got into people's homes and therefore ruins their furniture, their carpets, electronics, et cetera. You might've also thought how are people going to leave their houses to go to the shops, for example, if there is a lot of water on the streets? Well done, if you said some of these things. You are really thinking about the impact of the weather on other people's lives. Now I would like you to think about the effect of weather on you. Pause the video to have a go at the task on the screen. In the past, how has the weather affected you? There is no right or wrong answer because this is about your own experience. Pause the video now to complete the task. Can you read your answer out loud to me? Good job. So on the screen, you can see some examples of what you might have said. Remember, there is no right or wrong answer. This was just about your own personal experience so that you realise that weather affects us all. Is now time for you to complete your end of lesson quiz. Thank you so much for your efforts today and I can't wait to see you again in lesson three, where we will be exploring the question; why does it rain? What an interesting question to ask. Bye everyone.

In this lesson, we will be learning about why it rains. We will also be learning about the three different types of rainfall (convectional, frontal and orographic).

Why does it rain?

﻿Hi everyone. My name is Miss Dhillon. And last lesson we were exploring the question. What makes up the weather? Can you name all of the six components of weather? I know that's a challenge, but we love challenges because they really help us to grow. So let me help you and start you off. One of the components is temperature. Can you name the rest of the five components of weather? Try your best. Well done if you managed to name some of them. So you should have said the six components are temperature, cloudiness, humidity, wind, precipitation and finally atmospheric pressure. And that is a tricky one to remember. So well done if you've got that. Okay. So the question we're exploring in today's lesson is why does it rain? This is what the structure of the lesson is going to look like. We will be going through the star words. Then we will start by looking at the concept of a hot air balloon and how warm air rises. Then we will move on to looking at using a compass for directions. Finally, we will look at why does it rain? and different types of rainfall. And in today's lesson, we will be looking at three different types of rainfall. Make sure you have a pencil or a pen, an exercise book, or paper and your brains ready for today's lesson On the screen, you can see the star words for today's lesson. I will be explaining these star words in more detail throughout the lesson. Let's start by saying them out loud using my turn your turn. North, South, East, West, compass, precipitation convectional, frontal, orographic. Wow, well done, you did a really good job, especially with the last four key words. They are quite long and tricky to say, but don't worry. You will get lots of practise to saying them in today's lesson. One of the key things to remember when learning about rain is that warm air rises. What does warm air do? Good it rises. And the reason warm air rise is because it is less dense or it's lighter than cool air. Cool air, however sinks. What does cool air do? Good it sinks. And this is because it's more dense than warmer air and therefore means it's heavier which means it sinks. A hot air balloon rises because the air inside it is warmed by a what can you see on the screen? A flame, good job. So when the flame inside the hot air balloon heats up, the warm air is less dense than the surrounding air. And therefore the hot air balloon starts to rise. Now, when you want to bring the hot air balloon back down the flame inside the hot air balloon is turned off. And when this happens, the air slowly and gradually starts to cool down and get more and more dense. Which means it gets more and more heavier. And as a result, the hot air balloon starts to descend or come down. So the key message here is that warm air rises. Good job and cool air sinks. Now let's think about the terminology of dense. Can we add that to our explanation? So warm air rises because it is less dense and cool air sinks because it is more dense. Good job. Now we're going to make sure that we are remembering the key learning. So I'm going to test you on it. You will need to point up if you think it rises and you will need to point down if you think it sinks. Are you ready? First one is cool air. Does it rise or does it sink? Show me with your hands. Can you challenge yourself to explain why? Okay, so you should have said cool air sinks. Well done if you've got that correct. And if you challenge yourself, you would have said it sinks because it's more dense or heavier than warm air. Ready for the next one. Warm air. Does it rise or does it sink? Can you also explain why it does so? Okay, so you should have said warm air rises. Well done. And if you challenge yourself, you would have explained it rises because it is less dense, which means it is lighter than cool air. And that's why it rises. Good job. Now I would like you to pause the video, to complete the task on the screen. Use the keywords in the box to complete the sentences. You can see the answers are now on the screen. Did you manage to put the correct words in the missing gaps? Well done if you did. I know it's tricky to remember if it's more or less dense. So well done for paying attention. Now as a geographer, it is really important to know how to use the compass directions. Maybe you already know them. Let's have a look at the four directions. You have North, East, South and West. Can you say that loud for me starting from the top at North and going clockwise. North, East, South and West. Good job. Okay, these are the four directions and there's a clever way to remember the order on a compass. The first letters of these words will help you remember the directions. So let's look at the first one. Never Eat Shredded Wheat. So the letters, the word starts with the letters, N, E, S W. And that stands for North, East, South, West. So you can see how remembering, Never Eat Shredded Wheat, can remind you that you start with North and going clockwise you can write down East, South and West. Now there's another one. Maybe this one might appeal to you to help you remember the directions. Never Eat Slimy Worms. Yuck! so maybe that one is more memorable for you. So you can pick and choose which one will help you remember the directions. So let's see if you can remember those. Can you say them out loud for me starting at the top with N going clockwise to E to S to W. Pause the video now, if you need a few seconds to think. Okay, so you could have used, Never Eat Shredded Wheat or Never Eat Slimy Worms to help you. And you should have said North East, South, and West. High five, if you've got that correct. Well done. Now let's have a look at the make up of clouds. Clouds are made up of tiny water droplets. As more and more droplets join together, they become really heavy and start to fall from the cloud as rain. Warm air can hold more moisture than cool air. So when the warm air is cooled and cold moisture condenses. What does condenses mean? Good condenses mean the gas turns into a liquid and this causes the rain to happen. So, to recap that learning, can you now pause the video to complete the task on the screen. Did you remember that correctly? Well done for listening. Clouds are made up of tiny, tiny water droplets and rain is formed when they condense and they joined together and they fall as rain. Let's now think about the question. Why does it rain? We looked at the water cycle in last lesson and this explains why it rains Number one, the heat from the sun turns moisture or water in plants in leaves in oceans, lakes and rivers into water vapour through evaporation. So the first stage is evaporation. This water vapour then rises and cools and changes into tiny water droplets to form clouds. The water droplets in the clouds join together to make bigger water droplets. When it gets too heavy, they begin to fall as rain and we call this, good job precipitation. Well done. So this water cycle explains why it rains. Now, how do we know it's likely to rain? Have you ever predicted that it's going to rain? What makes you think might rain? Well, maybe, you know, it's likely to rain, when you see dark clouds approaching. They are dark because they offer full of water droplets that block out the sunlight from the sun. That is why they are dark clouds. Now we're going to move on to the types of rainfall. There are three main types of rainfall. We're going to say this out loud, using my turn, your turn. Convectional rainfall, Frontal rainfall, Orographic rainfall. Good job, you are starting to sound like geographers. Now we're going to learn a bit more about these different types of rainfall. Let's start with convectional rainfall. This happens when the ground is heated up by the sun. When the land warms up, it heats the air above it, and this causes the warm air to rise. As the air rise, it cools and condenses, which means it turns into water droplets and forms clouds. Water droplets then joined together, and when they get really heavy, they fall as rain. This type of rainfall is very common in tropical areas, but in also areas such as the Southeast England, where they usually have quite warm sunny spells. Pause the video now to complete the task on the screen. Use the key words in the white box to help you fill in the missing gaps. Here are the answers. The key words are in bold. So take a few moments to check your answers. How did you do? Well done for using all the keywords in the white box. I know you're paying very close attention to the new keywords that you're learning in today's lesson. We are now going to be looking at Frontal rainfall. Frontal rainfall occurs when the warm air mass meets the cold air mass and the warm air is forced to rise above the cold air, creating this front. This is why it is called frontal rainfall. As the warm air rises it cools and the water vapour condenses into water and falls as rain drops. This is why it rains heavily along the front. It's now time for you to complete a task. Are the statements on the screen true? Or are they false? Perhaps you also want to challenge yourself that if you find a false statement, can you change it to make it true? Pause the video now to complete the task on the screen. Did you realise that all of the statements were false. Well done if you did. If you change these into true statements, this is what you might have written. For A, the correct statement should have been that frontal rainfall occurs when warm air mass meets a cold air mass. And for B, the warm air is forced to rise over the cold air, not the other way round. And this is what creates the front. So well done if you wrote those statements. Now we are going to look at Orographic rainfall. My turn, your turn. Orographic. Mountains can help to form rain. And when this happens, it is called orographic rain. Orographic rainfall, if you look more closely at the diagram, if you look at the arrow going up the mountain, orographic rainfall is rain that is produced from the lifting of moist air over a mountain. The moist air then rises, condenses, and this is what produces dark clouds, which then lead to precipitation. So orographic rainfall is rain produced because moist air is lifted over a mountain. So you might want to remember that for orographic, because it helps you remember that moist air is lifted over the mountain, and then it condenses to form clouds, and then that leads to precipitation. So the key word orographic refers to anything to do with mountains. So orographic means mountains. It's referring to mountains. So orographic rainfall occurs because of mountains. Now, usually the side of the mountain that faces the sea receive most of the rain. This, therefore creates a rain shadow. Let's look a little bit closely at the diagram. A rain shadow is created on the other side of the mountain, where there is not as much rain. This means that this side of the mountain in the rain shadow usually has less vegetation. Vegetation means plants and trees. And this is what you can see on the diagram on the side of the rain shadow. It is not green because none of the vegetation grows on that side because there is not enough rain. This can be seen very clearly in the Himalaya Mountains. The Himalayas stretch across the North Eastern portion of India, and they cover approximately 2,400 kilometres. And they pass through the nations of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Bhutan, and Nepal. In the white box, you can see a section of the Himalaya with the tallest points covered in snow. Look at the red cross on the diagram. Use the compass on the screen to help you follow. On the South side, which direction is South side? Good, on the South side, the mountain is green. This is because there is lots of orographic rain. Why do you think it's green? Good, because there's lots of orographic rain. That means there's lots of vegetation or trees and plants growing on that side. And that's why it's green on this satellite image. Now let's have a look at the cross on the diagram. This time, you can see it's on the Northern side of the mountains. Can you see that a rain shadow has been created? How can you tell that the rain shadow is created on the Northern side of the Himalayas? Say that a loud. Good, you should have said that you can see that a rain shadow has been created because on this side it is not green. And if it's not green, that means there are no plants or trees growing on that Northern side of the Himalayas. Well done. Really good recall. Now because of the rain shadow, fewer plants can grow here and that's why it is not as green as the South side. So the bottom part of that white box is the South side. And it's very green because there's lots of orographic rain. Well done. And on the North side is a rain shadow. Well done. And here plants and trees do not grow because there's not enough rain. And that's why is not green on this satellite image. So team, it is now time for you to complete a task. Pause the video now to complete the task on the screen. Use as many keywords given to you to help you write your answer. Here is an example of what you might have written. All the key words used are in bold. Take a few seconds to read the model answer. How many of those key words were you able to use in your answer? Wow, well done. I know you're trying really hard to use all the key words that you've learned so far. Well done for putting so much effort into using them. Now he is the final task for today's lesson. Now that you know, all three types of rainfall, I would like you to match up the type of rainfall with the correct description. Pause the video now to complete the task on the screen. Here are the answers. Take a few moments to check your answers against the answers on the screen. Thank you so much for your effort today. And I really hope you enjoy the rest of the day. And I can't wait to see you again, lesson four, where we will be exploring the question. Why does the UK have wild weather? Bye everyone.

In this lesson, we will be learning about the five main air masses that affect the weather in the United Kingdom.

Why does the UK have wild weather?

﻿Hi, everyone. My name is Miss Dhillon. And last lesson, we were exploring the question, why does it rain? Can you name the three types of rainfall that we discussed last lesson? Have a few seconds to think. Call it out when you're ready. Good, you should have said convectional, frontal, and orographic rainfall. Three very tricky words, so well done for remembering them. The question we will be exploring in today's lesson is, why does the UK have wild weather? Let's start by looking at the structure of today's lesson. In today's lesson, we will start with star words, then we will recap our knowledge of the world map, before looking more closely at the UK and why it has wild weather, and finally, we will be doing this by studying different air masses. In this lesson, you will need a piece of paper, a pen, and your brain as you will be doing a lot of new learning in today's lesson. On the screen, you can see the star words for today's lesson. I will be explaining these star words in more detail throughout the lesson. Let's begin by saying them out loud using my turn your turn. Air mass. Weather. Source. Maritime. Continental. Polar. Arctic. Tropical. Well done. We are going to start this lesson by checking our understanding of the world map. I would like you to label one ocean and two continents on the world map. There are three green boxes. Can you match up either Atlantic Ocean, Europe, or Africa with the correct missing box? Pause the video now to complete this task. You should now have finished this task. Let's look at the answers. Here are the correct answers. Did you get all three correct? Well done if you did. This knowledge will help us understand where the air masses, what we are learning about in today's lesson, where they come from. So it's really helpful knowledge for today's lesson. On the screen, you can see another map. In the red circle, you can see the United Kingdom. Can you point to where you think the Arctic Ocean is? The clue is in Arctic. Point at the screen now for me. If you pointed near the top of the map, then you are correct. The Arctic Ocean is located mostly in the Arctic north polar region. So that's roughly where you should have said the Arctic Ocean is. Now let's look more closely at the UK. The UK has wild weather. Whilst it is usually quite mild, the weather can change very, very quickly. This means that people living in the UK or visiting the UK must be prepared for all types of weather. The UK has this changeable weather because of where it is located. Look at the map on the left-hand side. The UK's weather is strongly influenced by the sea that surrounds the British Isles, both Britain and Ireland. The UK's weather is also affected by the different air masses, or bodies of air, which is something we're going to look at in more depth in today's lesson. An air mass is an area of air with particular characteristics. Depending on the source, as in where the air mass comes from, can help us understand the characteristics of that particular air mass. So looking at this table, we can see that if an air mass travels over land, then it will bring with it very dry weather. If an air mass travels over the oceans, it will bring with it very wet weather. If an air mass travels over the tropics, it will bring with it very warm weather. And finally, if it travels over the Arctic, it will bring very cold weather. This is why when we name air masses, we might use maritime to describe air masses that travel over the ocean, and we use continental to describe air masses that travel over land. So this helps us understand the name of the air masses. Maritime means it travels over water and continental means it travels over land. I would now like you to pause the video to complete the task on the screen. Fill in the missing gaps in the table. Here are the answers. Did you remember those correctly? Great recall, give me a high five. What a great start to the lesson today. The UK has changeable weather because more than one air mass can be affecting the UK at any one time. We are going to be looking at five main air masses that affect the UK. They are polar maritime, Arctic maritime, polar continental, tropical continental, and tropical maritime. Notice that these air masses end in maritime or in continental. Remember if it's maritime, that it means it's travelled over the ocean and therefore it will bring with it wet weather. The other thing to remember is that if it has continental in the name of the air mass, then this means it travels over land and this means it brings very dry weather. Well done, so over the ocean is wet weather and over land is dry weather. Let's now have a look at these five air masses affecting the UK in a little bit more depth. The name of the air masses holds clues as to where they originated and hence the weather they will bring to the UK. Polar maritime comes from the North Atlantic Ocean and is cold and wet. Polar gives you the clue that it is going to be cold and maritime we know travels over the ocean and therefore brings wet weather. The next air mass that affects the UK is the Arctic maritime. This comes from the Arctic Ocean and is very cold and sometimes wet. This is because it travels over the water. And Arctic gives you a clue that it's going to be very, very cold. The next air mass that affects the UK is called the polar continental, which comes from Northern Europe. You can use the compass to help you remember where North is on the compass. The word polar gives us a clue that the weather is going to be cold. And as it is continental, it travels over land, good. It travels over land and therefore it will bring very dry weather. Good work, team. It seems like you're getting the hang of this already. Now let's look at the next air mass that affects the UK. This is called the tropical continental, and this comes from Southern Europe and North Africa. Again, you can use the compass to help you see what we mean by Southern. As the word name is made up of tropical continental, tropical gives us a clue that it brings very warm weather and continental means it travels over land so it brings very warm and very dry weather. Finally, the last main air mass affecting the UK comes from the Atlantic Ocean and it is called the tropical maritime. The word tropical gives us a clue that it brings very warm weather and maritime tells us that it travels over the ocean and therefore brings wet weather. So together, it brings, good, it brings warm, but wet weather. Good job, team. So you might have noticed that air masses coming from the left-hand side of the UK, or we can say that as the West, are normally ending with the word maritime, which means it travels over the ocean. And then on the East side where you can see the polar continental and tropical continental, they both travel over land, and that's why it brings dry weather from the East. Okay, team, so now it's time for us to play a little memory game. I'm going to explain how this game works. On the screen, you can see the table that will help you remember the characteristics of the different air masses. You will see the name of the air mass that affects the UK. You will need to say what kind of weather this air mass brings to the UK. For example, the first example is on the screen. Arctic maritime. I know that Arctic brings very cold weather and maritime brings very wet weather. So the answer will be that the Arctic maritime brings both cold and wet weather. Now it's your turn. Are you ready? Okay, first question. What weather does this air mass bring to the UK? Did you say warm and wet? Well done, you've made a good start to this memory game. On to the next one. Polar continental. Did you say cold and dry? Well done if you did. Next one is polar maritime. Did you say cold and wet? Good job. I can see that you're really trying hard to interpret the table, well done. Next one is tropical continental. You should have said warm and dry. Well done if you got that correct. You should now be feeling a little bit more confident with describing the characteristics of the different air masses. Now it's time for you to do a bit more practise. For this task, I would like you to match up the keywords in the black box on the right-hand side to the correct position on the map. Where it says times two next to the keyword, this means that the word comes up twice. For example, tropical needs to be used twice in two different places. Pause the video now to complete the task. Here are the answers. They have been underlined so it's easier for you to see them. I would like you to take a minute or two to check and mark your work. How did you do? Did you get most of these correct? Well done if you did. I know you're working really hard to try and remember all five air masses and where they come from. So keep up the good work. Now that we have discussed the five different air masses, it is now time for you to tell me which one is your favourite air mass and why. For example, for me personally, my favourite air mass is tropical continental, which comes from Southern Europe and North Africa. This is because it brings my favourite type of weather, which is warm and dry. Now it's your turn to write down your answer. Pause the video to complete the task on the screen. It is now time for you to complete your end of lesson quiz. Thank you so much for your effort in today's lesson, and I really hope you enjoy the rest of the day. And I can't wait to see you again in lesson five, where we will be exploring the question, what is the reason for the seasons? Bye everyone.

In this lesson, we will be learning about why we have the four different seasons in the UK: winter, spring , summer and autumn. Whilst doing this, we will be learning more about the Sun and planet Earth!

What are the reasons for seasons?

﻿Hi everyone. My name is Miss Dhillon. And last lesson, we were exploring the question. Why does the U.K. have wild weather? And we learned that there are five key air mass is that affect the U.K.'s weather. In today's lesson, we will be exploring the question. What are the reasons for the seasons? This is what the structure of our lesson is going to look like today. First, we're going to start with star words. Then we will be looking at the two hemispheres Northern and Southern. Then you will be learning more about the Sun and the Earth And finally, we will be looking to understand what solar radiation is. For this lesson, you will need a piece of paper or an exercise book, a pen or pencil, and your brain as you will be doing a lot of new learning in today's lesson. On the screen, you can see the words which day's lesson. I will be explaining the star words in more detail throughout the lesson. Let's start by saying them out loud. My turn, your turn. Hemisphere, seasons, Sun, Earth, rotation, galaxy, Milky Way, solar radiation, orbit. Wow, fantastic! Really well done. Let's start by looking at the hemispheres. The Equator, which runs through the middle of the Earth is an equal distance away from the North and the South pole. The Equator divides the Earth into the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. The Northern Hemisphere is the half of the Earth that is North of the Equator. The Southern Hemisphere is the half of the Earth that is South of the Equator. Looking at the map, can you tell me if the U.K. is in the North or the South Hemisphere. You can see that it's circled with a red circle. Say your answer aloud. Well done if you said the Northern Hemisphere, the U.K. is located in the Northern Hemisphere. The reason not everywhere has the same weather and the weather changes in most places throughout the year, it's because of the Sun and the tilt of the Earth. The Sun is a star and it is a giant pool of gases that is set in the heart of our Solar System. The Sun's gravity is what holds the whole Solar System together. Life on Earth is only possible because of the Sun's energy and its heat. Our Sun is one of the billions of stars that are in the Milky Way galaxy. Our planets planet Earth and the Sun are found in the Milky Way galaxy. Where are they found? Good job in the Milky Way galaxy. Now aGalaxy is a system of dust gas, dark matter, and anywhere from a million to a trillion stars that held together by gravity. Now it's your chance to pause the video, to complete the task on the screen. Here's the answer. I noticed just the start of the lesson, but I know you're working hard so keep up the good work. Now it's time for you to complete another recall activity to see if you remember the key facts, pause the video now to complete this task. Did you remember that correctly? Now a good trick to remember is to remember the Milky Way bar, that is a chocolate bar that could help you remember that we live in the Milky Way galaxy. Have you ever wondered how hot the Sun is? In this hot summer month of July in the U.K., the average temperature for the month of July is just 21 degrees. However, on the Sun, just to compare temperatures as hot as 2 million degrees were recorded by NASA's specialist, Parker Solar Probe in November, 2019. Wow, now that puts in perspective really how hot the Sun is. The Earth rotates around the Sun once per year. We can also say that the Earth orbits the Sun, which means it goes on a curved path around the Sun. Sometimes people think that we have summer when the Earth is closest to the Sun and winter when it's further away. However, this is not actually true. Pause the video now to complete the task on the screen. Here's your answers. Did you remember that correctly? Well done if you did. It takes the Earth a whole year to rotate around the Sun. The Earth axis is the imaginary line that runs through the centre of the Earth. On one end of the axis is the North Pole. And on the other end is the South Pole. Earth is slightly tilted on its axis. This is what tilted means, it means it's not straight it's to the side. Earth is slightly tilted or slanted on its axis, as it rotates on its axis. So the Earth is rotating on its axis, whilst it is going round the Sun. Tilt means turn to one side and the Earth's axis is tilted at an angle of 23.5 degrees. How many degrees? Good job listening, 23.5 degrees. Now the Earth spins on this invisible axis at 23.5 degrees. This means that the North Pole does not point directly up, it is leaning to a site like in this image. Every 24 hours, the Earth makes one complete rotation on its axis. This is what gives us day and night. The Earth has seasons because of the tilt of the Earth, and also because of the heat of the Sun. You might be curious and wondering why don't we feel the Earth's rotation and that is a very good question. The Earth rotates slowly at a time, but we don't feel any movement because it turns so smoothly and at the same speed. Pause the video now to complete the task on the screen. Here is the answer. Remember it takes Earth 24 hours to spin on its axis and that's what's causing day and night, but it takes one whole year to go around the Sun. So don't get confused between the two. Now the Earth has seasons because of two reasons. One the tilt of the Sun and two because of the heat of the Sun. We will now spend the rest of the lesson, looking at the four seasons winter, spring, summer, and autumn. Pause the video now to complete the task on the screen. Did you get the keywords in the correct order? Well done if you did. Remember that planets and stars are proper nouns and that is why our Sun and the Earth are in capitals. We have seasons because of the tilt of the Earth. As the Earth rotates on its axis and as it orbits around the Sun, the axes always points in the same direction. Throughout the year, different parts of the Earth, get this Sun's direct rays. In winter in the U.K., the Sun shines indirectly on the Northern Hemisphere. This means that the Sun's energy is felt less intensely. Can you point to the Northern Hemisphere on the globe? Good job, okay? You should have pointed to the top half of the Earth. This makes it much cooler in the Northern Hemisphere, for example, in the U.K., and warmer in the Southern Hemisphere. This is why we get winter. Pause the video now to complete task on the screen. For this task, you can see that there are two options inside the brackets. You must pick the correct key words to complete the sentence. Pause the video now. Did you choose the correct key words? Well done if you did. Remember the U.K. is in the Northern Hemisphere and the reason we get our winter is because the Sun shines indirectly on the Northern Hemisphere, making it much, much cooler. Now let's have a look at why we get spring in the U.K. During spring, the Sun shines equally on both the Northern and the Southern Hemisphere. This means that the Northern Hemisphere is warming up and the Southern Hemisphere is cooling down. Pause the video now to complete the task on the screen. Did you get the correct answer? You should have said it shines equally on both Hemispheres. Thumbs up if you've got the answer correct. Now let's have a look at why we have summer in the U.K. In summer, the Sun shines directly on the Northern Hemisphere, meaning that the Sun's energy is felt much, much more intensely. This makes it much warmer in the Northern Hemisphere and cooler in the Southern Hemisphere. Pause the video now to complete the task on the screen. How did you do this time? Well done for listening. I know you're working really, really hard. Now let's have a look up water in autumn. In autumn, the Sun shines equally on both hemispheres. This means that the Northern Hemisphere is cooling down and the Southern Hemisphere is beginning to warm up. Pause the video now to complete the task on the screen. Did you get the correct answer? Awesome work to team, that's a lot of new knowledge to take in. Now, at this point, you might have noticed that during autumn and spring, the Sun shines equally on both hemispheres. In winter, the Sun shines indirectly on the Northern Hemisphere and in summer, the Sun shines directly on the Northern Hemisphere. So those are the four key pieces of information that you should now know. We are now going to talk about solar radiation. The tilt of the Earth means that where you are on the Earth affects the type of weather you experience. The Sun's heat and energy is felt differently at different points of Earth. I'm going to explain solar radiation. Solar is related to the Sun and radiation is the release of energy. So that means solar radiation is the energy from the Sun. What is it? Good, solar radiation is energy from the Sun. When the solar radiation or energy from the Sun is concentrated over a larger area, it is felt less intensely. When solar radiation is concentrated over a small area, it is felt more intensely. This is why the U.K. summer is not as hot as Spain summer, or why Russia is winter is colder than Egypt winter. The closer you are to the Equator, the more intensely you can feel the solar radiation. Pause the video now to answer the question on the screen. True or false, solar radiation is energy from the Earth. Okay, so you should have said false because solar is related to the Sun and not the Earth. So solar radiation is energy from the Sun, good job. Pause the video now to complete the task on the screen, use of words at the bottom to help you fill in the missing gaps. Here are the answers. Remember if so radiation is concentrated over a larger area, it spreads out, which means if the Sun's energy is less intense, but if it's concentrated in a small area, it is not spread out so the energy from the Sun is felt more intensely. So those are the two key learnings about solar radiation. It's now time for you to complete your end of lesson quiz. Enjoy the rest of your day, everyone and I can't wait to see you again in lesson six, where we will be exploring the question, Why is the world's weather changing? Bye everyone.

In this lesson, we will learning about the atmosphere and how it is important for life on Earth. We will also be looking at how the climate has changed over time and how it continues to change. We will be mainly focusing on the impact of human activity on the climate.

Why is the world's weather changing?

﻿Hi everyone. My name is Miss Dhillon and last lesson, we were exploring the question what is the reason for the seasons? Can you remember the two reasons for the seasons? Think about it. I'm going to give you a clue. The sun and the Earth. Well done, seasons happen because of the tilt of the Earth and because of the heat energy from the sun. Great recall. The question we're going to be exploring in today's lesson is why is the world's weather changing? Let's start by looking at the structure of the lesson. We are going to begin by looking at the star words. Then we are going to be understanding a little bit more about the atmosphere. Then we're going to move on to understanding how climate has changed over time and finally, we're going to be discussing the issue of climate change. But first, please make sure you are ready for the lesson by having a pen, pencil, paper or exercise book ready for the lesson. On the screen, you can see the star words for today's lesson. I will be explaining these star words in more detail throughout the lesson. But let's start by saying them out loud, using my turn, your turn. Atmosphere. Pleistocene Epoch. Mesozoic Era. Climate change. Greenhouse gases. Deforestation. Farming. Fossil fuels. Good job, team. We're going to begin by looking at the atmosphere. Circling the Earth, there is a very important layer called the atmosphere. Earth's atmosphere is similar to a jacket but for our planet. It surrounds our planet and helps us keep warm and makes it comfortable for us to live on planet Earth. And it does this by trapping the heat from the sun and you can see this inside the circle with the arrows. The atmosphere is made up of a lot of different gases and one of these is oxygen. Oxygen is essential to life because we need to breathe it in to stay alive. In the atmosphere, we also have an ozone layer. My turn, your turn, ozone layer. Good job, which is a natural layer of gas, which protects humans and other living things from harmful rays from the sun. Finally, as we have mentioned in a previous lesson, it is in our atmosphere where all the weather happens. Pause the video now to complete the task on the screen. There are two sections, A and B. Did you remember that correctly? Well done if you did. You are clearly listening very carefully. Now you know why the atmosphere is so, so important. You are now going to make a prediction. If the atmosphere becomes thicker by many more gases by being added to it, what will happen to the amount of heat being trapped by the atmosphere? Do you think more or less heat will be trapped by the atmosphere? I'm going to give you a second to make a prediction. If you predicted that there will be more heat trapped in the atmosphere because of more gases being added to the atmosphere, then you are correct. And we will be looking to understand why this happens in today's lesson. The Earth's climate has changed a lot since the Earth was formed. At different points, it has been hotter and colder than it is today. The Earth's last Ice Age started about 2.6 million years ago and it ended about 11,700 years ago. This period of time is called the Pleistocene Epoch. My turn, your turn. Pleistocene Epoch. Good job. It was during this time that animals, such as mammoths, saber-toothed cats and giant ground sloths roamed North America, Asia and Europe. You can now see these on the screen. The climate during this time was much, much colder. These animals are now extinct but were much bigger than any similar animals that we have on Earth today. Pause the video now to complete the task on the screen. Choose the correct word to complete the sentence. Here is the answer. The key message here is during the Pleistocene Epoch, the climate was much colder than it is today. Now let's have a look at the Mesozoic Era, which started around 245 million years ago and ended 66 million years ago and it is when most of the dinosaurs lived. During this time, the Earth's climate was warmer than it is today. What was it, warmer or colder during the Mesozoic Era? Good job, it was warmer than it is today. Pause the video now to complete the task on the screen. Did you remember that correctly? Awesome job, high five. Today the Earth's climate is changing and we often refer to it as climate change and is even sometimes called global warming. This is because our planet is slowly and gradually heating up. Whilst changes to the Earth's climate in the past have been caused by natural processes, most scientists and geographers believe that the current climate change is being caused by humans. There are many ways in which humans are adding to more gases into the atmosphere, which is trapping more and more heat and so causing temperatures to rise. Gases that are contributing to the warming up of the Earth are called greenhouse gases. What are they called? Good job, greenhouse gases. Over the past 150 years, industrialised countries have been burning large amounts of fossil fuels, such as oil and gas. The gases released into the atmosphere during this process act like an invisible blanket, trapping all the heat from the sun and warming up the Earth. Pause the video now to complete the task on the screen. Use the keywords in bold to fill in the missing gaps. Here are the answers. Keep up the good work. I know that you're working really hard. The second human activity that can have an impact on the environment and cause climate change is farming. Farming produces food that we eat, for example, meat, dairy and eggs. However, farming practises for these foods produces large quantities of waste, and greenhouse gases, which contribute to climate change. Believe it or not, cows' eating habits contribute towards climate change. Just like us, when cows eat, methane, which is a type of green gas, builds up in their digestive system and is released in the form of a burp. That might sound funny but when you imagine that there are about 1.5 billion cows, releasing all that gas into the atmosphere, it sure adds up. The third reason that can cause climate change is deforestation. Forests absorb huge amounts of carbon dioxide, another greenhouse gas, from the air and releases it back as oxygen, which we breathe in. The Amazon Rainforest is so large and efficient at doing this that it acts like our planet's air conditioner, limiting climate change. Sadly, many rainforests are being cut down, which is known as deforestation. My turn, your turn, deforestation. And the reason these are being cut down is to make wood, palm oil and to clear way for farmland, roads, oil mines and dumps. It is now time for you to complete a task. Match the keywords to the correct picture. Pause the video now to complete this activity. Here are the answers. Did you match them correctly? Well done, geographer. You are doing really well learning all the new keywords. Scientists estimate that since the Industrial Revolution, human activity has caused the Earth to warm by approximately one degree Celsius. While that might not sound like much, it means big things for people and wildlife around the globe. Unfortunately, rising temperatures doesn't just mean that we will get nicer weather. If only. The change in climate will actually make our weather more extreme and unpredictable. Due to climate change, the weather is changing around the world. Some places are becoming hotter and drier, which can lead to droughts where there is little rainfall and a shortage of water. And in other places, there is more rain than usual, which can lead to flooding. If this continues, a lot of animals and humans can find that they're not able to adapt to the changing climate. Pause the video now to complete the task on the screen. Remember, due to climate change, our weather is not going to get sunnier and better, it's actually going to get more extreme and unpredictable. For the final task, I would like you to write a short paragraph, answering the question why is the world's weather changing? You can use the sentence stems in the box on the left-hand side and keywords in the box on the right-hand side to help you. Please remember to write in full sentences. I am expecting you to write a paragraph, so please take your time and try to include as many things on the screen as possible. Did you manage to include as many keywords as possible? Well done if you did. I would like you to take a moment to pause the video to read the model example and compare it to your own answer. You can always add in the parts that you missed by editing your own answer. I hope you enjoyed today's lesson as much as I did. It is now time for you to complete the end of lesson quiz. Bye, everyone.

Unit Overview: Water, Weather and Climate

Lessons: