Practical skills

Raw and synthetic materials

Plants

Adaptations

Light & dark

Magnetism

States of matter

Rock cycle

Human anatomy

Ecosystems

Electrical circuits

Sound

Separating mixtures

Physical and chemical changes

Reproductive cycles

Notable scientists

Forces

Space

Particles in physical and chemical changes

Sustainability

Humans and animals over time

Diet and lifestyle

Light

History of science

Science

Y4 Science

Key Stage 2

Year 4

UNIT

In this lesson, we will learn about the three states of matter, the properties of each state of matter and how to identify which state of matter a substance is in.

What are the properties of solids, liquids and gases?

﻿Hello there, my name is Miss Couves. What's your name? It's lovely to meet you. I'm going to be teaching you science today. I am so excited because science is my favourite subject. Before I start, I thought I would show you what I have been doing during the lockdown. I have been growing things in my garden. Would you like to see my chilli plant? Here it is. Can you see the flowers? That's the part that's going to turn into the chilli. Here are some of the chilis that I picked yesterday. Can you see that it gets red? That means that it's ripe. I am really looking forward to trying them when I cook later. What have you been doing during the lockdown? That sounds fun too. Shall we get started with our lesson? Today, we are going to start by learning about the three states of matter. Then we will look at the properties of each state of matter. And finally, we will look at some example substances to decide which state of matter they are in. Let's start by learning about the three states of matter. There are three states of matter. Solids, like the lemon that I have here, liquids, like the water in my glass, and gases, like the air around me. They look different, and they behave in different ways because the three states of matter all have different properties. Pause the video and write down the name of the three states of matter. Press play when you're ready to continue. The three states of matter are solids, liquids, and gases. Let's look at the properties of our three states of matter. What were the three states of matter? The three states of matter are solids, liquids, and gases. We are going to record the properties of solids, liquids, and gases in a table. Pause the video now to draw this table into your notes. Press play when you're ready to find out about the properties of solids, liquids, and gases. Find the solids column in your table. There are three main properties of solids. They cannot be compressed, which means squashed, they do not flow, and they have a fixed shape. Let's have a look at the properties of solids. This is my solid. The example solid I'm using is this lemon. The first thing I said about solids is that they cannot be compressed. If you can compress something, it means you can squash it. If I tried to squash the lemon in my hand, it doesn't change shape. It can't be squashed. What's the scientific word for squashed? The scientific word for squashed is compressed. The second property of solids is that they cannot flow. My lemon does not flow. The final property of solid is that they keep their shape when they're placed into a container. This is my container. When I put my lemon into the container, the lemon stays the same shape. Pause the video and write down the three properties of solids in your table. Press play when you're ready to hear about liquids. Liquids also cannot be compressed. Liquids can flow, and they can take the shape of the bottom of their container. It's a bit difficult for me to show you that liquids can't be compressed, so you're going to have to believe me that they can't be compressed. However, we can see that liquids can flow. When I pour my liquid from one container into the other, can you see that it's flowing over the top? Liquids like water can flow. Let's have a look at what happens when I pour my liquid from one container to another. Can you see that my liquid changes shape so it fills the bottom of the container? Can you remember the three properties of liquids? The three properties of liquids are they cannot be compressed, they can flow, and they take the shape of the bottom of their container. Pause the video and complete your table for liquids. Press play when you're ready to find out about gases. Gases, like the air around me, can be compressed, they can flow, and they fill the shape of the container. It's much harder for me to show you the properties of gases, but I can show you some of them. I've got this empty water bottle here. Oh, some old water coming out. When I put the lid on my water bottle, the water bottle is filled with gas. What's the gas the water bottle is filled with? The gas the water bottle is filled with is air. If I turn the lid on really tight, my water bottle, which is full with air, can be compressed. Can you see that I'm able to squash the water bottle? That's because the gas that is inside the water bottle can be compressed. There are two other properties of gases. Gases can be compressed, they can flow, and they can fill the shape of their container. Pause the video and complete your table with the properties of gases. Press play when you're ready to check your table. Pause the video to tick or fix your answers. Solids are not compressible, they cannot flow, and they do not change their shape when they're placed in a container. A liquid cannot be compressed, but it can flow, and it takes the shape of the bottom of their container. A gas is compressible, it can flow, and it fills the container. Press play when you're ready to continue. Now let's look at some examples. For each of these substances, I want you to think about whether it is a solid, a liquid, or a gas. I am not compressible, but I can flow. What am I? What do you think? Use your table to check the properties of solids, liquids, and gases. This example is a liquid because it cannot be compressed but it can flow. I am compressible, and I can flow. What am I? This is an example of a gas because gases can be compressed and they can flow. I am not compressible, and I have a fixed shape. What am I? This is an example of a solid because solids cannot be compressed and they have a fixed shape. I take the shape of the bottom of the container I am in. What am I? That's right, a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of the bottom of its container. I completely fill whatever container I am in. What am I? This is an example of a gas. Gases fill the containers that they are in. Now you're going to have a go at looking at some examples of your own. The examples you have are water in a glass, air in a balloon, and a wooden block. You need to decide if these are solids, liquids, or gases, and explain why. Pause the video to copy and complete the table. Press play when you're ready to continue. Water in a glass is a liquid. It's a liquid because it can flow and take the shape of the bottom of its container. Air in a balloon is a gas because it can flow and fill the container. A wooden block is a solid because it always keeps the same shape. Pause the video to tick or fix your answers. You have worked so hard today learning about the three states of matter. Can you remember what they are? Solids, liquids, and gases. Remember to show off all your new knowledge in the quiz. See you next time.

In this lesson, we will learn that all matter is made up of particles. Particles are arranged in different ways in solids, liquids and gases giving them different properties. We will also learn how scientists use diagrams to represent the arrangement of particles.

How do particles behave inside solids, liquids and gases?

﻿Hello again, my name is Miss Couves. I hope you're having a lovely day learning lots of interesting things. I'm going to be teaching you science today, which is great because science is my favourite subject. Today we are going to learn about how the particles behave inside solids, liquids, and gases. Let's get started. Today, we will start by recapping our previous knowledge. Then we will learn about what particles are and how they are arranged in solids, liquids, and gases. Finally, we will learn about how the particles behave. It is how the particles are arranged and how they behave that give them the properties that we have already learnt about. Let's start by recapping our previous knowledge. First, we learnt that there are three states of matter: solids, liquids, and gases. We learnt that the properties of a solid are that they cannot be compressed, they do not flow, and they have a fixed shape. We learnt that the properties of liquids are that they cannot be compressed, they can flow, and they take the shape of the bottom of their container. What is the difference between the properties of a solid and the properties of a liquid? Liquids can flow but solids can't. Liquids take the shape of the bottom of their container whereas solids have a fixed shape. We also learnt the properties of gases. Gases can be compressed, they can flow, and they can fill the shape of their container. How are gases different to liquids? Gases are different to liquids because gases can be compressed, and rather than taking the shape of the bottom of their container, they fill the whole container. Now we're going to learn about particles. Particles are tiny, tiny bits of stuff that make up everything. Scientists first discovered particles when they were looking at grains of sand. Particles behave a little bit like grains of sand, but they are much, much, much smaller, so small that we can't actually see them. Different substances are made of different types of particles. What are different substances made from? Different substances are made of different types of particles. Particles are arranged differently in solids, liquids, and gases. What is the difference between solids, liquids, and gases? The difference between solids, liquids, and gases is that the particles are arranged differently. Pause the video and write down what everything is made of. Press play when you're ready to continue. Everything is made of particles. Particles are tiny bits of stuff that behave a bit like a grain of sand, but they're much, much, much smaller, so small that we cannot see them. Now let's think about how the particles are arranged. When water is in solid form, we call it ice. What do we call solid water? Solid water is called ice. When water is in the gas form, we call it water vapour or steam. What do we call gaseous water? Water vapour or steam. All three of these substances are made from the same type of particle called the water particle. What particle is water, ice, and steam made from? Water, ice, and steam are all made from the water particle. So if the particle is the same, why do these substances look so different? Well, it's because the particles are arranged in different ways. Which particle is used to make ice, water, and steam? The water particle is used to make ice, water, and steam. What is the difference between ice, water, and steam? The difference between ice, water, and steam is that the particles are arranged in a different way. Let me show you how the particles are arranged. Particles in a solid like ice are touching and arranged in ordered rows. When I draw my particles, I always draw them as circles. I make sure the circles are the same size and the same colour to show that they are the same particle. Can you see how my two particles are the same size and the same colour? What does that show? Particles of the same size and the same colour are the same type of particle. Particles in a solid are arranged in ordered rows and they are touching each other. Can you see how I'm drawing all of my particles so that they touch each other? And they're arranged in ordered rows. The particles are one below the other. What two things do I know about particles in a solid? Particles in a solid are touching and they are arranged in ordered rows. Pause the video now and have a go at drawing the particles in a solid. Press play when you're ready to learn about liquids. Particles in a liquid are also touching. What particle is liquid water made from? The particle liquid water is made from is the water particle, the same particle as ice. So I'm going to draw it the same size and the same colour. Particles in water are touching, but they have a random arrangement. They're no longer arranged in ordered rows. Can you see how I'm drawing all of my particles so they touch, but they're no longer in an ordered row? What do we call the arrangement of liquid particles? We say that liquid particles have a random arrangement. Particles in a liquid are touching and they have a random arrangement. Pause the video and draw the particles in a liquid. Press play when you're ready to learn about a gas. Particles in a gas are not touching. They are far apart from each other. Particles in a gas are moving fast. We use these lines to represent the fact the particles in a gas are moving fast. The particles in water vapour are the same particles as in liquid water so I have drawn them the same size and the same colour. Particles in a gas are not touching, and they are far apart. Pause the video to draw a diagram of the particles in a gas. Press play when you're ready to continue. Which of these diagrams shows a solid? The first diagram for ice shows a solid because the particles are touching and arranged in ordered rows. What is the difference between the particles in a liquid and the particles in a gas? The particles in a liquid are touching, whereas the particles in a gas are not touching and they are far apart. Let's have a go at drawing some diagrams to represent the particles in some different materials. Let's think about this substance: butter. What do the particles in butter look like? Is butter a solid, a liquid, or a gas? Butter is a solid. Should the particles touch? Butter is a solid and so the particles should be touching. Should the particles be ordered? Butter is a solid so the particles in butter should be arranged in ordered rows. Should the particles be moving fast? Butter is a solid, and so the particles are not moving fast. They're vibrating on the spot. Pause the video and have a go at drawing the particles in butter. Press play when you're ready to continue. The particles in butter look like this. They are touching and arranged in ordered rows. Let's have a go with two other substances. What do the particles in juice look like? Is juice a solid, a liquid, or a gas? Should the particles touch? Should the particles be ordered? Should the particles be moving fast? Pause the video and have a go at drawing the particles in juice. Press play when you're ready to continue. The particles in juice look like this. Juice is a liquid, and so the particles are touching but they have a random arrangement. What do the particles in helium look like? Helium is a gas that is used to fill balloons. Is the substance a solid, a liquid, or a gas? Should the particles touch? Should the particles be ordered? And should the particles be moving fast? Pause the video and have a go at drawing the particles in helium. The particles in helium look like this. They are not touching and far apart. They move around very fast. Pause the video and draw lines to match the description to the correct state of matter. Press play when you're ready to see the answers. In solids, particles are touching and in ordered rows. In liquids, particles are touching and in a random arrangement. In a gas, particles are far apart from each other. Now we know how the particles are arranged, we are going to think about how the particles behave. Is ice a solid, a liquid, or a gas? Ice is a solid. Solid particles vibrate on the spot. Show me solid particles. Solid particles vibrate on the spot. My turn, vibrate. Your turn. Liquid particles can slide past each other. Show me what liquid particles do. Liquid particles can slide past each other. Gas particles move really fast in all directions. Show me what gas particles do. Gas particles move really fast in all directions. Let's update our diagram. How do solid particles behave? Solid particles vibrate on the spot. How do liquid particles behave? Liquid particles can slide past each other. How did gas particles behave? Gas particles move very fast in all directions. Pause the video and write down any notes that you want to keep. Press play when you're ready to continue. Here are the diagrams that represent how particles are arranged in solids, liquids, and gases. Can you remember which state of matter particles are moving very fast in all directions? Particles are moving very fast in all directions in gases. How do the particles in juice behave? Option one, they are touching and vibrating on the spot. Option two, they are touching and can slide past each other. Option three, they are not touching and move very quickly in all directions. Or options four, they are touching but not moving at all. What do you think? Juice is a liquid, so the particles are touching but they can slide past each other. How do the particles in butter behave? Option one, they are touching and vibrating on the spot. Option two, they are touching but can slide past each other. Option three, they are not touching and move very quickly in all directions. Or option four, they are touching but not moving at all. What do you think? Particles in butter are touching and vibrating on the spot because butter is a solid. How do the particles in helium behave? Option one, they are touching and vibrating on the spot. Option two, they are touching but can slide past each other. Option three, they are not touching and move very quickly in all directions. Option four, they are touching but not moving at all. What do you think? The particles in helium are not touching and move very quickly in all directions because helium is a gas. Pause the video and draw lines to match the description to the correct state of matter. Press play when you're ready to continue. Solid particles cannot move but vibrate on the spot. Liquid particles can slide past each other. And gas particles are moving constantly in all directions. Well done for all of your hard work today. You have learned so much about how particles are arranged and how they behave in solids, liquids, and gases. I'm really looking forward to seeing all of your new knowledge as you complete the quiz. See you next time!

In this lesson, we will learn what happens to the behaviour and arrangement of particles when they are heated or cooled. We will also investigate some uses of these properties such as cooling gases in order to store them.

What happens when you heat or cool each state of matter?

﻿Hello there. How are you today? What is the most interesting thing that you have learned today? That is interesting. Today we have another science lesson. This time we are going to learn about what happens when we heat a substance up or cool it down. Are you ready? Let's get started. In today's lesson we're going to start by recapping our previous knowledge. We will then find out what happens to particles during heating and cooling. And then look at some specific examples. For this lesson you will need an exercise book or paper and a pencil. If you don't have one of these items, pause the video now and go and get them. Let's recap our previous knowledge. Can you remember the three states of matter? The three states of matter are solids, liquids and gases. Can you remember the properties of solids? Pause the video now and write down three properties of solids. Solids cannot be compressed, they do not flow and they have a fixed shape. Can you remember the properties of liquids? Pause the video and write down three properties of liquids. Liquid cannot be compressed, they can flow and they can take the shape of the bottom of their container. Can you remember the properties of gases? Pause the video and write down three properties of gases. Gases can be compressed, they can flow and they can fill the shape of their container. Point to the diagram that shows a solid. How do you know? The diagram on the left shows the solid. We know it's a solid because the particles are arranged in ordered rows and they're all touching. What is the difference between the particles in the liquid and the particles in a gas? Particles in a liquid are touching, whereas particles it a gas are far apart. Pause the video and draw lines to match the description to the correct state of matter. Press play when you're ready to hear the answer. In solids, particles are touching and in ordered rows. In liquids, the particles are touching and in a random order. In gases, particles are far apart from each other. Pause the video and draw lines to match the description to the correct state of matter. Press play when you're ready to hear the answer. In solids, particles cannot move, but they can vibrate on the spot. In liquids, the particles can slide past each other, and in gases, the particles are moving constantly in all directions. Let's find out what happens to the particles during heating. I have a problem. This jar of jam. It's a nice jar of homemade jam. The lid is stuck on. It's really hard to open. I really can't open it. No matter how hard I try. To help me open it, I'm going to place my jar under hot water. Let me go do that. I've just placed my jar under hot water to help me open it. Let's try again and see if I can open the jar. That was so much easier. After I put the jar under hot water, it was easier for me to open the jar. I wonder what happened. When I place the lid in hot water, the lid expanded. That means the lid got bigger. My turn, expanded. Your turn. When we heat substances up, they expand. They get bigger. When I put my jar in hot water, the lid expanded it, making it easier to remove. Let's have a look at what happens when we heat other substances. Here I have a kettle full of hot water. The water is very hot. This is not an example of something that you should do by yourself at home. When I put the hot water into my cup, I'm going to place in a thermometer. If you look carefully at the thermometer, you should see a red liquid. I will need to watch what happens to the red liquid when I put it in the cup of hot water. Can you see the red liquid expanding? The red liquid is travelling up the thermometer because it's getting hotter and it's expanding. When I place my thermometer in the hot water, the liquid inside the thermometer expands. Particles in a solid are vibrating in a spot. When we increase the temperature, they vibrate more. This causes the substance to expand. Particles in a liquid can slide past each other. When we increase the temperature, the particles have more energy and the substance expands. Particles in a gas are moving fast in all directions. As we increase the temperature, the particles have more energy. They move faster and the gas expands. What happens to the particles when we increase the temperature? When we increase the temperature, the particles have more energy. What happens to the substance when we increase the temperature? When we increase the temperature, the substance expands. Pause the video and fill in the gaps on this slide. Press play when you're ready to hear the answer. When we increase the temperature particles have more energy and the substance expands. Now let's think about what happens during cooling. I want you to imagine I have a balloon. If I put my balloon in ice cold water, the balloon would shrink. This is because the gas inside the balloon contracts when it gets cold. When we place a balloon full of air in cold water, the gas contracts. My turn, contracts. Your turn. What does the word contract mean? Contract means get smaller. The gas contracts making the balloon smaller. What happens to the substance when we increase the temperature? When we increase the temperature, the substance expands. What happens when we decrease the temperature? The substance contracts. Expands. Contracts. Increasing temperature, decreasing temperature. Let's have another look at the thermometer. So this time I'm going to put my thermometer into cold water. I want you to watch what happens to the red liquid as I move it from hot water to cold water. Can you see the red liquid travelling down? The liquid is contracting because the temperature is decreasing. When I place my thermometer in cold water, the liquid inside the thermometer contracts. What does the word contract mean? The word contract means gets smaller. Particles in a solid are vibrating on the spot. When they get colder, they vibrate less. In a liquid they're sliding past each other. When they get colder, they move slower. Particles in a gas are moving fast in all directions. When they get colder, they move slower. As a result, when we decrease the temperature, the particles have less energy and the substance contracts. Pause the video and fill in the gaps in this sentence. Press play when you're ready to continue. When we decrease the temperature particles have less energy and the substance contracts. Let's look at some examples. How could heating and cooling be useful? Pause the video to copy and complete the table. You are going to look at putting a jar under the hot tap to help get the lid off, using liquid in a thermometer to help you tell the temperature and cooling oxygen and hydrogen to put them into tanks. Press play when you're ready to continue. When we put a jar under the hot tap heating the lid is helpful because the lid expands making it easier to remove. Heating the liquid in a thermometer when you place it in something hot is helpful because the liquid expands so you can find out the temperature. When storing gases like oxygen and hydrogen cooling them is helpful because it means they may take up less space. Pause the video to tick or fix your answers. Why might it be dangerous to heat a gas when it is trapped in a metal can? Have a think. What do you think? Why might it be dangerous? What's going to happen to the gas when you heat it? When you heat a gas it expands. So if it was trapped inside a metal can and the gas expanded, it's going to explode the can. That's why it's dangerous. You have worked so hard today. I'm really impressed with everything you've learned about heating and cooling substances. We've learned that when you heat a substance it expands and when you cool a substance it contracts. I'm looking forward to seeing all of your hard work on the quiz in a minute. See you next time. Bye!

In this lesson, we will learn about what happens when substances are heated or cooled enough to change state. We will learn about the four main state changes and identify examples of each of them.

What are changes of state and why do they take place?

﻿Hello again, it's lovely to see you. Today, I'm going to be teaching you science. In our lesson today, we are going to be learning about changes of state. I am really excited about today's lesson as we're going to be learning lots of new scientific vocabulary so we can speak like scientists. Right, let's get started. In today's lesson, we're going to start by recapping our previous knowledge, then we will look at state changes that happen during heating and cooling, and finally, we will look at some examples and identify the state change that is taking place. In this lesson, you will need: An exercise book or paper and a pencil. If you don't have one of these items, pause the video now and go and get them. Let's start by recapping our previous knowledge. Can you remember the three states of matter? The three states of matter are solid, liquid and gas. Pause the video and write down an example of a solid, a liquid and the gas. Can you remember the properties of solids? Pause the video and write down three properties of solids. Solids cannot be compressed, they do not flow and they have a fixed shape. Can you remember the properties of liquids? Pause the video and write down three properties of liquids. Liquids cannot be compressed, they can flow and they can take the shape of the bottom of their container. Can you remember the properties of gases? Pause the video and write down three properties of gases. Gases can be compressed, they can flow and they can fill the shape of their container. Which of these diagrams shows a solid? How did you know? The diagram on the left shows a solid, oh, sorry. The diagram on the right shows a solid because the particles are arranged in ordered rows. Which diagram shows a gas? The diagram in the middle shows a gas because the particles are far apart? Which diagram shows a liquid? The diagram on the left shows a liquid because the particles are touching, but they're arranged in a random order. What is the between particles in a solid and particles in a liquid? Particles in a solid are arranged in an ordered rows whereas particles in a liquid are arranged in a random order. Pause the video and match the description to the correct state of matter. Solid particles are touching and in ordered rows. Liquid particles are touching and in a random arrangement. Gas particles are far apart from each other. Pause the video and draw lines to match to the description to the correct state of matter. Solid particles cannot move, but vibrate on the spot. Liquid particles can slide past each other, and gas particles are moving constantly in all directions. Particles in a solid are vibrating on the spot, in a liquid, they're sliding past each other, and in a gas, they're moving fast in all directions. As a substance is heated, the temperature increases, when the temperature increases, the particles have more energy and move around more. This means that the substance expands. Pause the video and complete the sentence at the bottom. Increasing the temperature means particles have more energy and the substance expands. As substances are cooled, the temperature decreases, this means the particles have less energy and the substance contracts. Pause the video and complete the sentence at the bottom of the slide. Decreasing the temperature means particles have less energy and the substance contracts. What happens when we heat the particles in a solid? when we heat the particles in a solid, they vibrate more. If we heat the particles enough, they will vibrate so much that the bonds between the particles break and the particles can slide over each other, they have become a liquid. Imagine we had some ice on the table, what would happen to that ice cube? The ice cube would melt and become a liquid water. When the ice cube melts, we have heated up the particles enough so that they vibrate so much the bonds between the particles break, and the particles can slide over each other. When the particles can slide over each other, it has become a liquid. If we heat a liquid, the particles move around faster. Eventually, if we heat the liquid enough, all the bonds holding the particles together will break, and the particles will no longer touch, they have become a gas. What is broken when the temperature increases and a change of state happens? When the temperature increases and a change of state happens, bonds between the particles are broken. Scientists call this a change of state, and each change of state has a different name. When a solid becomes a liquid, it is called melting. My turn melting, your turn. Which change of state is called melting? Melting is when a solid becomes a liquid. When a liquid becomes a gas, it is called boiling. My turn boiling, your turn. What happens during boiling? Boiling is when a liquid becomes a gas. Pause the video and complete these sentences. When solids are heated strongly, the bonds between some of the particles, which means they can now, each other. It has become a. When liquids are heated strongly, any bonds that are left over between the particles now, which means they can now, from each other. It has become a. Pause the video to complete the sentences, press play when you're ready to continue. When a solid is heated strongly, the bonds between some of the particles break, which means they can now slide over each other. It has become a liquid. When liquids are heated strongly, any bonds that are left over between particles break, which means they can now move far apart from each other. It has become a gas. Pause the video to tick and fix your answers. Press play when you're ready to continue. Now let's think about what happens during cooling. When we call particles, those bonds that were broken reform, forming a liquid or a solid. When a gas becomes a liquid, it is called condensing. My turn condensing, your turn. Which change of state is involved in condensing? Condensing is when a gas becomes a liquid. When a liquid becomes a solid, it is called freezing. My turn freezing, your turn. Which change of state is called freezing? Freezing is when a liquid becomes a solid. You are going to complete these sentences, I'm going to read them to you and then give you time to pause the video to write them down. When liquids are cooled down, the particles move more, and become strongly, together again. They are now in a, and have become a. When gases are cooled down, the particles move more, and they become, together again. They are stuck together, but they can still, each other, and move so they have become a. Pause the video and complete those two sentences. Press play when you're ready to check your answer. When liquids are cooled down, the particles move more slowly and become strongly bonded together again. They are now in a fixed position and have become a solid. When gases are cooled down, the particles moved more slowly, they become bonded together again. They are stuck together, but can still slide past each other and move so they have become a liquid. Pause the video and write down the change of state that each arrow represents. Press play when you're ready to check your answer. When a select becomes a liquid, it is called melting. When a liquid becomes a gas, it is called boiling. When a gas becomes a liquid, it's called condensing. When a liquid becomes a solid, it's called freezing. Pause the video to tick or fix your answers. Press play when you're ready to continue. Which states changes in both particles gaining energy? Option one, melting, option two, boiling, option three, condensing, option four, freezing. What do you think? Changes of state that involve particles gaining energy are melting and boiling. Melting is when a solid turns into a liquid, and boiling is when a liquid turns into a gas. Which state changes in both particles losing energy? Option one, melting, option two, boiling, option three, condensing, or option four, freezing. What do you think? Condensing and freezing involve particles losing energy. Condensing is when a gas turns into a liquid, and freezing is when a liquid turns into a solid. Let's have a look at some examples. Here are examples of state changes, you need to identify the state change and then explain how you know. For example, if I was thinking about the steam produced from a kettle, I know that a liquid is turning into a gas, which state change is that? That is boiling. How did I know? I know it was boiling because a liquid turned into a gas. Pause the video to copy and complete the table. Press play when you're ready to check your answer. Pause the video to tick or fix your answers. A puddle turning into water vapour in hot weather is boiling because liquid water is becoming a gas. Rain turning into snow is freezing because liquid water is becoming solid. An ice cream on a hot day is melting because solid ice cream is becoming a liquid. Water falling on the buffer mirror is condensing because steam which is gaseous water is becoming a liquid. Pause the video to tick or fix your answers. Press play when you're ready to continue. What happens to the particles in chocolate if you hold it for too long? Pause the video, write down your thoughts. When you hold chocolate in your hand for a long time, it starts to melt. What happens to particles when a solid melts? The particles gain energy and vibrate more. The bonds between the particles break and they're able to slide over each other, meaning that chocolate has become a liquid. You have worked so hard today learning about different changes of state, I'm really looking forward to seeing all of your excellent work in the quiz. See you next time, bye.

In this lesson, we will learn about how scientists measure temperature, two major 'fixed points' of a substance (melting and boiling point) and how we can determine the state of matter of a substance at a particular temperature when given these fixed points.

What are melting points and boiling points?

﻿Hello again. How are you today? Are you excited for our lesson? Today we are going to learn about melting points and boiling points, and how we can use them to find out the state of matter of a substance at a particular temperature. Ready? Let's go Today we are going to stop by recapping our previous knowledge. We will then learn about how scientists measured temperature and two key temperatures for each substance, the melting point and the boiling point. Finally, we will use our new understanding to predict the state of matter of a substance based on its melting point and its boiling point. In this lesson, you will need an exercise book or paper and a pencil. If you don't have one of these items, pause the video now and go and get them. Press play when you're ready to start. Let's start by recapping a previous knowledge. Can you remember the three states of matter? Pause the video and write down the three states of matter. The three states of matter are solids, liquids, and gases. Pause the video and write down an example of a solid, a liquid, and a gas. Can you remember the properties of solids? Pause the video and write down the three properties of solids. Press play when you're ready to hear the answer. Solid cannot be compressed, they do not flow, and they have a fixed shape. Can you remember the properties of liquids? Pause the video and write down three properties of liquids. Press play when you're ready to hear the answer. Liquids cannot be compressed. They can flow and they can take the shape of that container. Can you remember the properties of gases? Pause the video and write down three properties of gases. Press play when you're ready to hear the answer. Gases can be compressed, they can flow, and they can ill the shape of their container. Which of these diagrams shows a gas? The middle diagram shows a gas. How does you know? The middle diagram shows a gas because the particles are far apart from each other and they're moving fast. What is the difference between the particles in a solid and the particles in a liquid? Particles in a solid are in ordered rows, whereas the particles in a liquid are in a random arrangement. Pause the video and match the description to the correct state of matter. Press play when you're ready to find out the answer. solid particles are touching and in ordered rows, liquid particles are touching in a random arrangement, and gas particles are far apart from each. Pause the video and match the description to the correct state of matter. Press play when you're ready to hear the answer. Solid particles cannot move, but can vibrate, liquid particles slide past each other, and gas particles are moving constantly in all directions. What happens to particles as they are heated? Pause the video and fill in the gaps on the bottom of the side. When the temperature is increased, particles have more energy, and the substance expands. What happens to popsicles as they're cooled? Pause the video and fill in the gaps in the sentence at the bottom. Decreasing the temperature, particles have less energy, so the substance contracts. What does each arrow represent? Pause the video and complete the diagram with the name of four state changes. When a solid becomes a liquid, it's called melting. When a liquid becomes a gas, it's called boiling. When a gas becomes a liquid, it's called condensing. And when a liquid becomes a solid is called freezing. Now we're going to think about how scientists measure temperature. Let's have a look at how I measured the temperature of water. Can you remember the piece of equipment that we use to measure temperature? We use a thermometer to measure temperature. I'm going to start by putting my thermometer in hot water. Watch the moment to carefully. What happens to the liquid in the thermometer when I put it in hot water? The liquid in the thermometer is rising because the liquid is expanding because it's getting hotter. This thermometer has numbers on it. The numbers represent temperature in degrees Celsius. My turn, degrees Celsius. Your turn. Celsius is used to measure temperature. I'm going to have a look, and I'm going to measure the temperature of my hot water. My hot water is that 73 degree Celsius. If you look carefully, you might be able to see how I got that number. Now let's try to cold water. Watch what happens to the thermometer when I put it in cold water? Can you see that the liquid is contracting because it is getting cooler? Again, I'm going to have a look at the numbers on my thermometer to work out the temperature. This water is at 23 degrees Celsius. What do we measure temperature in? Temperature is measured in degrees Celsius. We measure temperature by placing the thermometer in water. When I placed the thermometer in hot water, the liquid inside the thermometer expands. When I placed my thermometer in cold water, the liquid inside the thermometer contracts. Temperature is measured using a scale called the Celsius. My turn, Celsius. Your turn. There are two important temperatures for a substance. The temperature a substance melts and the temperature a substance boils. Water always melts at zero degrees C. This is called the melting point of water. What do I mean by the melting point of water? I mean the temperature that water always melts. What temperature does water melt at? Water melts at zero degrees C. The temperature that water boils up is 100 degrees C. What do I mean by the boiling point of water? The boiling point of water is the temperature that water boils at. What temperature does water boil at? Water boils at 100 degrees C. You are going to answer these three questions I'll read them to you. Then you can pause the video to complete them in your notes. Question one, what is temperature? Question two, what scale do we normally use to measure temperature? Question three, how did scientists decide what zero and 100 should mean in this scale? Pause the video and press play when you're ready to check your answers. Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold a substance is. We normally use a scale called Celsius, which is written as degrees C. Zero degrees is the temperature the water melts and 100 degrees is the temperature the water boils. Now we're going to think carefully about what to fixed point is. A fixed point is the temperature that a state change happens for different substances. Scientists most commonly used the melting point and the boiling point. What is the melting point? The melting point is the temperature the substance melts at. What is the pointing point? The boiling point is the temperature that's the substance boils at. Let's have a look at some melting points. Here I have two substances. I have ice and I have candle wax. Can you see that the ice is already melting? Can you remember the melting point of water? The melting point of water is zero degrees C. So in this room, the ice is already starting to melt, but the candle is still a solid. The candle has a much higher melting point than ice. It requires a higher temperature to melt the candle than the ice. I am going to light the candle using a match. This is not something that you should try at home. I need to light the candle with a match because the candle needs a higher temperature in order to melt. Watch carefully to see what happens as I light the candle. You should be able to see the wax around the candle starting to melt. The wax around the candle starts to melt because the temperature gets high enough to reach the melting point of the wax. Pause the video and write down the definition for melting point and boiling point. Press play when you're ready to hear the answer. The melting point is the temperature a substance melt sets, and the boiling point is the temperature a substance boils at. We are going to use our new knowledge of melting points and boiling points to work out the states of matter of a substance at a given temperature. We can use the melting point and the boiling point to identify if a substance is a solid, a liquid, or a gas. If a substance is a solid, it means that it has not melted or boiled. If a substance is a liquid, it means it has melted, but not boiled. If a substance is a gas, it means that it has melted and boiled. I'm going to show you how I work this out. When I'm working this out, I draw myself a thermometer, and I say that the thermometer increases in temperature up the page. When my substance gets to the melting point, what happens? At the melting point, the substance melts. Before the melting point, the substance was just solid. What happens to the solid at the melting point? At the melting point, the solid is going to become a liquid. It's going to be a liquid until it reaches the boiling point. What happens to a substance when it reaches the boiling point? When our substance reaches the boiling point, it's going to boil. What happens when a substance boils? When a substance boils, it turns from a liquid into a gas. Between the melting point and the boiling point, the substance is a liquid. What states of matter is the substance after it has boiled? After it has boiled, the substance is a gas. Let's look at a real example. The melting point of water is naught degree C, and the boiling point of water is 100 degrees. What's the melting point of water? The melting point of water is naught degree C. What's the boiling point of water? The boiling point of water is 100 degrees C. If the temperature is 25 degrees C, what's the temperature of water going to be? Sorry, what is the state of matter of water going to be? Let's have a look. We need to go up our thermometer until we get to 25 degrees C. 25 degrees C is more than naught, but less than 100. What states of matter will water be in at 25 degrees C? Water is going to be a liquid at 25 degrees Celsius. What about if it was minus four degrees? Let's have a look at our thermometer. Minus four degrees is less than zero degrees. If it is less than the melting point, what state of matter will it be? At minus four degrees, our water is going to be a solid. What about if the temperature was 150 degrees? 150 degrees is more than the melting point and more than the boiling point. So if water has melted and boiled, what state of matter is it going to be? It's going to be a gas. You're going to have a go at some other questions to work out what states of matter a substance is in at different temperatures. Firstly, what state of matter is water in at 25 degrees C? Pause the video to work out the answer. Press play when you're ready to continue. Water is a liquid at 25 degrees C, because 25 is between the melting point and the boiling point. What state of matter is aluminium in at 25 degrees C? Pause the video to work out your answer. Press play when you're ready to continue. Aluminium is a solid 25 degrees C, because 25 degrees C is less than the melting point. It's chlorine a solid, a liquid, or a gas at 25 degrees C? Pause the video to work out your answer. Chlorine is a gas at 25 degrees C, because 25 degrees C is more than the melting point and more than the boiling point. Is iodine a solid, a liquid, or a gas at 100 degrees? Iodine is a solid at 100 degrees C, because it is less than the melting point and less than the boiling point. Is oxygen a solid, a liquid or a gas at zero degrees C? Pause the video to work out your answer. At zero degrees C, oxygen is a gas because it is higher than the melting point and higher than the boiling point. You've worked so hard today, learning about how scientists measure temperature and how they use the fixed points, melting point and boiling point. I am so impressed with all the work that you have done so far. Make sure you do your quiz to show off your knowledge. See you next time. Bye.

In this lesson, we will learn about substances, like sand, that do not fit into one state of matter. We will also learn about non-Newtonian fluids and investigate their properties.

Which substances do not fit into one state of matter?

﻿Hello again. My name is Miss Couves. How are you today? This is our last lesson on states of matter. I am particularly excited about our lesson today because we are going to end today's lesson with an investigation. I am so excited, I am already wearing my lab coat, ready to go. I really like doing investigations because I get to see all of the science in action. And we can use all of our scientific knowledge to explain what is happening. Are you ready? Let's get started. In today's lesson we will start by recapping our previous knowledge. We will then look at some examples of substances that are hard to categorise as a solid, a liquid, or a gas. Then we will learn about non-Newtonian fluids and their properties. And we'll finish by investigate them. In this lesson you will need an exercise book and a piece of paper and a pencil. If you don't have one of these things, pause the video now and go and get them. If you would like to take part in our experiment, you will also need some corn flour, some water, and a place to do a very messy experiment. You'll also need to ask an adult to help you with your experiment. Let's start by recapping our previous knowledge. What do the particles look like in solids, liquids, and gases? Point to the diagram of a liquid. The liquid is the diagram on the left-hand side. How did you know? This diagram shows a liquid because the particles are touching, but they are arranged randomly. Point to the diagram of a solid. The diagram of the solid is on the right-hand side. How do you know that this diagram represents a solid? This diagram represents a solid because the particles are touching and arranged in ordered rows. Point to the diagram of the gas. The gas is the diagram in the middle. How did you know? This diagram is a gas because the particles are far apart and moving very fast. Can you remember the properties of solids? Pause the video and write down three properties of solids. Solids cannot be compressed, they do not flow, and they have a fixed shape. Can you remember the properties of liquids? Pause the video and write down three properties of liquids. Press play when you're ready to continue. Liquids cannot be compressed, they can flow, and they can take the shape of the bottom of their container. Can you remember the properties of gases? Pause the video and write down three properties of gases. Gases can be compressed, they can flow, and they can fill the shape of their container. Pause the video and write three sentences to match the description to the correct states of matter. Press play when you're ready to find out the answer. Solid particles are touching and in ordered rows. Liquid particles are touching in a random arrangement. Gas particles are far apart from each other. Write three sentences to match the description to the correct state of matter. Pause the video and press play when you are ready to hear the answers. Solid particles cannot move but can vibrate. Liquid particles can slide past each other. And gas particles are moving constantly in all directions. Which state of matter... Which state change does each arrow represent? Pause the video and complete the diagram in your notes. Press play when you're ready to hear the answers. When a solid becomes a liquid it's called melting. When a liquid becomes a gas it's called boiling. When a gas becomes a liquid it's called condensing. And when a liquid becomes a solid it's called freezing. Temperature is measured using a scale called? Celsius, well done. Zero degrees is the temperature at which water melts. Hundred degrees is the temperature at which water boils. A fixed point is a temperature at which a state change happens for a particular substance. What are the two fixed points scientists use most often? Melting point and boiling point. What is a melting point? The melting point is the temperature at which a substance melts. What is the boiling point? The boiling point is the temperature at which the substance boils. How do we know if something is a solid, a liquid, or a gas? We know something is a solid if it has not melted or boiled. We know something is a liquid if it's melted but not boiled. And we know something is a gas if it has melted and boiled. Goodness me, what's a lot of knowledge we already had inside our brains. We're now going to add a small bit extra about solids, liquids, and gases and substances that don't quite fit into these categories. We are going to look at two substances that are difficult to categorise as a solid, a liquid, or a gas. First, let's look at sand. Sand behaves like a solid because the grains have a fixed shape. I have some sand here, let's have a look at it. Can you see that the grains of sand all have a fixed shape? Let's try compressing our sand. I can move the sand around but I can't make the grains of sand compress. So the sand particles have a fixed shape and they cannot be compressed. Sand looks like it probably is solid. Let's have a look at what happens when we pour sand from one container to another. It's a solid, so what are we expecting? We're expecting it to keep it's shape. Wow, did you see that? Let's have a look again. Sand is able to flow and take the shape of the bottom of its container. It's that a property of a solid? No, that's a property of a liquid. So sand behaves like a solid and like a liquid. Let's think about that again. Pause the video and write down two sentences, one about how sand behaves like a solid, and another about how sand behaves like a liquid. Press play when you're ready to find out about the next substance. Now we're going to think about jelly. Is jelly a solid, a liquid, or a gas? Jelly has a fixed shape, if you put it in a different container, it will still have the same shape. However, jelly wobbles, which means that the particles can move over each other. Which of these is a property of a solid? Jelly is a solid because it has a fixed shape. Which is the property of a liquid? The particles being able to move over each other is a property of a liquid. Pause the video and write down two sentences, why is jelly like a solid and why is jelly like a liquid. Press play when you're ready to find out about non-Newtonian fluids. Next, we're going to learn about another substance that is hard to categorise, called a non-Newtonian fluid. My turn, non-Newtonian fluid. You're turn. We're going to practise that one again because it is a really hard word to say. Non-Newtonian fluid. Your turn. Non-Newtonian fluid, well done. I'm going to show you a non-Newtonian fluid. I have made a non-Newtonian fluid in my bowl, here. I have made my non-Newtonian fluid by mixing water and corn flour. I'm going to show you some of the properties of my non-Newtonian fluid. Non-Newtonian fluids act like a liquid and like a solid. Can you see how it's acting like a solid when I hit it hard and acting like a liquid when I pour it gently? That is so interesting. What if we try and take the spoon out slowly? If I take the spoon out slowly, it flows like a liquid. If I try and take the spoon out fast... Ugh, I can't do it! It behaves like a solid. Let's try putting the spoon in slowly. If you put the spoon in slowly, I can stir it like a liquid. Let's try putting the spoon in fast. Ah! When I try to put this using force, it behaves like a solid. And when I don't use much force it behaves like a liquid. When does a non-Newtonian fluid behave like a solid? Non-Newtonian fluid behaves like a solid when I apply a force. When does a non-Newtonian fluid behave like a liquid? A non-Newtonian fluid behaves like a liquid when there isn't much force. In our experiment later, you're going to have a go at looking at those properties of non-Newtonian fluids. Non-Newtonian fluids changed their behaviour when a force is applied. When a force is applied, they behave as a solid. When a force is not applied, they behave as a liquid. When do non-Newtonian fluids behave like a solid? Non-Newtonian fluids behave like a solid when a force is applied. When do they behave as a liquid? They behave as a liquid when no force is applied. Pause the video and write down what makes a non-Newtonian fluid change its behaviour. A non-Newtonian fluid changes behaviour when a force is applied. We are going to investigate the properties of non-Newtonian fluids together. If you would like to do this experiment yourself, you will need to find an adult and ask them to help you. You will need corn flour and water and a place to do the experiment. This is a very messy investigation. So make sure you ask a parent or carer if you can use corn flower and water to make a non-Newtonian fluid. Cover your clothes in case they get messy. Do the experiment somewhere where it's okay to get messy and cover the area you're working in and anything that you don't want to get messy. Pause the video now and go and get an adult to help you. If you don't want to do the experiment or you don't have corn flour and water, you can watch me do the experiment and you'll learn just as much. This is how we're going to make our non-Newtonian fluid. I am wearing my lab coat to keep my clothes clean and I've covered the table with scrap paper, in case I make a mess. I'm going to be as careful as possible as I make my non-Newtonian fluid. When I make my non-Newtonian fluid, I need to add corn flour and water together. I need to add twice as much corn flour as water to my bowl. Okay, let's make our non-Newtonian fluid. Into my bowl I'm going to put twice as much corn flour as water. I'm going to use the same size cup to make sure I use the same amount of corn flour. I'm going to use one full cup of corn flour and half a cup water. Okay. There is my cup of corn flour. And to my cup of corn flour, I'm going to add half a cup of water. Now I've added these things together, I need to slowly mix up my corn flour and water. Remember that if you stir too much and apply too much force, it will behave like a solid. I've added too much water and my corn flour and water mixture is just behaving as a liquid. So I'm going to add some more corn flour. If your non-Newtonian fluid is behaving like a liquid, you need to add more corn flour. If it's behaving only like a solid, you need to add more water. Can you see now that as I try to stir, it's starting to behave like a solid. When you have the consistency right it will behave like a solid when you apply a force and a liquid when you don't. Oh, there we go. Remember that you need to stir slowly otherwise you apply too much force and it will start behaving like a solid. I think my non-Newtonian fluid is ready for our investigation. Okay. Let's have a look at what we're going to do in our investigation. The first thing we're going to do is try grabbing our non-Newtonian fluid quickly. I'm going to take my spoon out and I'm going to try and grab it quickly. Oh, when I tried to grab it quickly, it behaves like a solid. Can you see that? Is yours doing the same? Now we're going to try releasing our hand slowly. Can you see it when you release your hands, it turns back into a liquid. So it was a solid and then it becomes a liquid. I'm going to use this one because there's too much in this bowl. It's a solid when I apply a force and a liquid when I release it. A solid when I try to grab it and then a liquid when I release it. Now we're going to try dragging our hands quickly then slowly. Quickly it's really hard. And then slowly I can pull it through. You can carry on having a go at those three activities. I'm going to show you this full screen so that if you're not doing the experiment, you can still see. So I'm going to start by trying to grab my non-Newtonian fluid quickly. Oh, when I do it quickly, can you see that it's behaving like a solid? Now I'm going to let it go. Can you see that it's turning into a liquid? The next thing I'm going to do is try moving my hands through it really fast. Oh, when I move through it really fast, it turns into a solid. And when they move my fingers through it slowly, it behaves like a liquid. What changes the properties of a non-Newtonian fluid? Properties of a non-Newtonian fluid changes when we apply a force. When we apply force it behaves like a solid. And when we don't apply force it behaves like a liquid. Let's look at our last three activities to try. We're going to try tipping the bowl to the side quickly. Remember, don't tip it all the way upside down, otherwise you're going to make a mess. Try tipping it to the side quickly. Oh, can you see that it becomes a solid and it doesn't move? Now we're going to try tilting it slowly. Can you see that it flows like a liquid when you tilt it slowly? And it stops like a solid if you do it quickly. Now we're going to try and pick it up and squash it into a ball. There you go, if you roll it around, you can make it ball. You can keep playing with those properties of non-Newtonian fluids. I'm going to show you this full screen, so if you're not doing the experiment, you can see. When I flip my bowl to the side quickly, it acts as a solid and it doesn't move. When I move it slowly can you see that it flows like a liquid? I can pick up my non-Newtonian fluid and make it into a ball. Can you see that if I keep rolling it, it stays as a ball, but as soon as I stop, it turns back into a liquid? My hands are so messy. Pause your video now and go and clean your hands so that you're ready to write up your notes from our investigation. Goodness me, that was a messy experiment. I hope you have cleaned your area, so you're ready to write up your results. I would like you to pause the video and write three sentences to say what happened when you tried these three experiments. Pause the video and answer the three questions. Press play when you're ready to see the next three. Now we're going to write down what happened when we did these three experiments. Pause the video and write down what happened when you tried to do each of these things. We found out that non-Newtonian fluids behave differently when a force is applied. When a force is applied, they behave like a solid. And when it's not, they behave like a liquid. We had so much fun today learning about non-Newtonian fluids and making a little bit of a mess. I hope you enjoyed making your own non-Newtonian fluid and investigating its properties. You have learnt so much in this unit. Your heads are now full with scientific facts. Make sure you complete the quiz to show off all of your knowledge. Bye.

Unit Overview: States of matter

National Curriculum

Unit Question

Lessons: