Mountains, Volcanoes and Earthquakes

Building Locational Knowledge: Europe

Water, Weather and Climate

Building Locational Knowledge: North America

Rivers

Building Locational Knowledge: United Kingdom

Migration

Building Locational Knowledge: Hemispheres and Tropics

Natural Resources

Building Locational Knowledge: South America

Local Fieldwork

Biomes

Energy and Sustainability

Population

Globalisation

Geography

Y3 Geography

Key Stage 2

Year 3

UNIT

In this lesson we will be learning about rivers around the world. We will mainly be focusing on the continents of South America, Africa and Europe.

Where are the world's rivers?

﻿Hi everyone. My name is Miss Dhillon and today we are starting a new unit on rivers. The question we will be exploring in today's lesson is, where are the world's rivers? This is what the structure of today's lesson is going to look like. We will start with the star words. Then we're going to think about the question, what is a river? Then we will be learning new vocabulary, such as source and mouth. Then we will be looking at the Colorado river. And finally, we'll be finishing by looking at three rivers from the continent of Africa, South America and Europe. But first of all, before we start our lesson, please make sure you have paper, pencil ready for the lesson and of course your brains, because we are going to be doing a lot of new learning in today's lesson. On the screen, you can see the star words for today's lesson. I will be explaining these star words in more detail throughout the lesson. But first let's say them out loud using my turn. And then your turn. Mouth, source, meander, North America, Africa, South America, Europe. Well done team. First, let's think about the question. What is a river? A river is a natural flowing water course, usually fresh water, and it flows towards an ocean, sea, lake or another river. Rivers can be long or they can be short. They can be wide or they can be narrow. And they often join together on their way downstream to make bigger rivers. Lots of animals live in or by rivers and people often find them a good place to live too. Rivers also form an important parts of the water cycle, which is the continuous recycling of water around the planet. I would like you to now pause the video to complete the task on the screen. Fill in the missing gaps, using the words at the bottom of the white box. You can now see the answers on the screen. The key words are in bold. Did you manage to put the key words in the correct place? Well done if you did, you've made a great start today's lesson. Some people think that rivers start at the sea and flow inland. However, this is not true. The force that controls a rivers water is gravity and therefore relies on the downward slope from the plant to the sea to make it flow. The source of a river or the beginning of a river is where the river starts its journey. It is usually found in high places, such as hills or mountains. A river can have more than one source. It can have, good, more than one source. Even the largest wildest rivers begin as a collection of tiny streams, which joined together over its course and rivers come in all different shapes and sizes, but all rivers have a source where they start and they all have a mouth where they end. This leads us onto the next slide, which is the mouth of a river. The majority of rivers finish their journey at the mouth. The mouth of a river is where the body of water joins an ocean, sea or large lake. Pause the video now to complete the task on the screen. Choose the correct key words that have been given to help you finish the sentences.

The answers are now on the screen. Did you remember those correctly? Well done if you did, let's now get into the habit of using this vocabulary so we can sound like geographers. Rivers are important because they shape the landscape through erosion, transportation and deposition. We will be learning more about this. In another lesson. On the screen, you can see a meandering river. Meandering means covering or bending. Most rivers meander as a river erodes or breaks down the soil in the outer curve. We will be learning more about meandering rivers in a later lesson. On the screen, you can see a road map. What continent has been highlighted with the red circle? Say out loud. Good job. It has been circled around North America. Well done. We are now going to zoom into the continent of North America. On the left hand side, you can see a map of the United States. If we zoom in a little bit closer, you can now see the Colorado River, which is marked as blue. This runs through seven states of the USA. Have a little closer look at the map.

Can you name some of the states that the Colorado River runs through? Let me give you one, Wyoming. Can you find the other states that the Colorado river runs through? So when looking at the map, you might have said Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona, or California. Well done if you spotted any of these. These photographs on this side, show parts of the Grand Canyon, which is in the State of Arizona. The Grand Canyon, which is a large and deep valley that the Colorado has eroded, which means slowly worn down over millions of years. Some geologists, these are scientists who study the rocks of the earth, they think that parts of the Grand Canyon, maybe up to 17 million years old. How old do they think the rocks are? Good jobs, 70 million years old. Pause the video now to complete the task on the screen. Here is the correct answer. Well done for remembering that a geologist studies the rocks of the earth. On the screen, you can see the world's map. Which continent has been highlighted with a red circle? Say out loud. Did you say Africa? Well done? We are now going to zoom into the continent of Africa. On the screen. You can see a map of Africa. The River Nile flows through the Northeast of Africa. We are going to zoom in a little bit more closely to look at the countries through which the River Nile flows. The River Nile is the longest river in Africa. What is it team? Good, the longest river in Africa. On the map, you can see a blue squiggly line. This is River Nile. We know that rivers usually flow towards an ocean or sea. Look at them more closely.

Can you point to where the mouth of the river is? Where it joins a sea? Did you say the Mediterranean Sea? Well done, the mouth of the River Nile or where the river ends, is the Mediterranean Sea. Now look more closely at the map again,

can you name for me, two countries that the river now flows through. Pause a video to complete this task. Here are the answers. There's lots of countries that the River Nile flows through. Hopefully you spotted at least two of these.

I am now going to check for your understanding. Can you use the map on the screen to write down whether mouth of the River Nile is? Pause the video to do that now. Did you remember that correctly? Well done if you did. Remember, Mediterranean has to r's. So just be careful when spelling Mediterranean. It is interesting to note that not all countries in Africa have rivers flowing through them. One example of a country that doesn't have any permanent rivers is Libya. Libya only has rivers, which flow only and if there is rain. The rest of the year, these rivers are just a dry river bed with no water. So there are no permanent rivers in Libya. Libya is also one of the driest and sunniest states in the world. And the Libyan desert occupies a large part of the country. On the screen, you can see a world map. What continent has been highlighted with a red circle? Say out loud. Good job. We are now going to zoom into the continent of South America. The Amazon River is the largest river in the world. What is it? Good job. The largest river in the world. The source of the Amazon River is the Andes Mountains of Peru and the mouth is the Atlantic Ocean. Can you point with your finger where is the Atlantic Ocean on the map? Did you point to here? Well done if you did and well done for spotting it. The Amazon River is approximately 4,000 miles long. How many miles long? Good job, 4,000 miles long. During the wet season, the Amazon River can get up to 120 miles wide. And there are no bridges that cross the Amazon. Looking at the map a little bit more closely, can you name three countries that the Amazon River flows through? If you're feeling more confident, you can name more than three. Pause the video now. Here are the answers. There is more than three. So double check which ones you've got and just have a look at the ones that you didn't get. Just so you can look at the map and see where they are. On the screen you can see a roadmap. What continent has been highlighted this time? Say out loud. Good job. We are now going to zoom into the continent of Europe. The longest river in Europe is the Volga River. What is the longest river? Good job. The longest river in Europe is the Volga river. And this is located in Russia. Where is it located? Good job, in Russia. The source of the Volga River is the Valdai Hills. On the screen you can see the mouth of the river. Where does the Volga river flow into? Which sea is it?

Look more closely at the map to find out. Point to it when you can see it. Can you say out loud for me? Good job. You should have said the Caspian Sea. That is the mouth of the Volga River or where the river ends. I would now like you to pause the video to complete the task on the screen. Fill in the missing gaps using the correct key words. Did you remember that correctly? Well done if you did. Remember that the Volga River is the longest river in Europe. Can you remind me what is the longest river in Africa? Good job. The River Nile. Well done team. We have now learned about four rivers in four different continents. So now I would like you to match the river with the continent in which it is found. Pause the video now. Did you match those correctly? Take a few moments to check your answer. Okay, team. So that is now the end of a first lesson of the unit, rivers. I really hope you enjoyed today's lesson and as much as I did and learned lots of new facts about different rivers around the world. It is now time for you to complete your end of lesson quiz. Next lesson, we will be learning more about how rivers shaped the land. Bye everyone. If you would like to share your work with Oak National, please ask a parent or carer to share your work on Instagram, Facebook or Twitter, tagging at Oak National and hashtag LearwithOak.

In this lesson, we will be learning about how rivers shape the land. We will be learning about the four types of erosion, the four types of transportation  and learning about what deposition is.

How do rivers shape the land?

﻿- Hi everyone, my name is Miss Dhillon. And last lesson we were looking at rivers around the world. Can you remind me what is the longest river in Europe called? Take second to think. Good, you should have said the Volga River. Well done, really good recall. And in today's lesson, we are going to be looking at the following question. How do rivers shape the land? But first let's look at the structure of our lesson today and what it's going to look like. We will start by going through the Star Words. Then we will be looking at the following. We will be looking at how rivers erode the land. Then we will be looking at how sediment is transported once it has been eroded. We will then look to understand river processes in more depth before finally looking to enable these river processes unto an image of a river to apply our learning. But first, you will need to make sure you need to have a piece of paper, a pen, and your brain ready to go so that you're ready to do lots of new learning in today's lesson. On the screen, you can see the Star Words for today's lesson. I will be explaining these Star Words in more detail throughout the lesson, but first let's say them out loud using my turn and your turn. Erosion, attrition, hydraulic action, abrasion, solution, transportation, suspension, traction, solution, saltation. Wow, there are so many new words to be learned in today's lesson but don't worry we will go through them as we go through the lesson. Let's start by looking at the process of erosion. Rivers wherever way the land, as they flow over and through it. This process is called erosion my turn, your turn erosion, good job. Erosion is when something wears away or breaks down. On the screen, you can see an example of erosion. Erosion happens in many different ways and we will be looking at how rivers use attrition, hydraulic action, solution, and abrasion to erode the lands. Rivers erode the land in four main ways. These are, my turn, your turn attrition, abrasion solution, hydraulic action, good job team. We are now going to look through each one of these. First, let's start off with attrition. Rivers can erode the land by process of attrition. This is when rocks collides and break up. A good way to think of this is the example of crashing. When a car crashes into another, parts of the car will break away as you can see in the image. The same thing happens with rocks when they collide. When rocks collide, they can break up. Rivers can also erode the land through abrasion. This is when rocks wear away each other and the river beds or the banks. The river beds is the bottom of the river and the banks are the sides of the river. This is quite similar to sandpapering. It sandpaper has a really rough texture and it is used to wear down materials on a surface. This is quite similar to abrasion where the rocks like sandpaper wear down each other the river beds which is the bottom of the river and the banks of the river which are the sides of the river. Is now time to do your independent work. Pause the video now to complete this true or false task. On the screen, you can now see the answers. Did you notice both statements were false? Well done if you did. The reason A is false, is because when rocks collide they break up they don't stay together. And for B, during abrasion, rocks not only just wear away each other they also wear away the river bed and the banks of the river so that is why that statement was also false. Now, we're going to look at another way that the rivers erode the land and this is through a solution. This is when acids in the water dissolve the rock. We can see this as a chemical reaction as dissolving is a chemical process. And on the screen, you can see an example of marble that has dissolved. Finally, another way the river can erode the land is through hydraulic action. That's quite challenging words so let's repeat that my turn, your turn hydraulic action, good job. This is when the force of the water breaks down the riverbeds and the banks. We can remember this as a water power. You can see that in the image, I've picked an image to show you that it's a water power. And we can remember that the water is powerful to break down the riverbeds and the banks. I would now like you to pause a video to complete this task, fill in the missing gaps, using the words at the bottom of the white box to help you fill in those gaps. You can now see the answers on the screen. Did you manage to put the keywords in the correct place? Well done if you did. And if you need to double check your answers, I'm gonna give you a few more seconds to look at the answers. Well done everyone, I know you're trying really hard to learn the meanings of these keywords. So really well done and keep up the good work. We are now going to move on to transportation. Once the land has eroded or has been worn away, the sediment is then transported along the river in different ways. Sediment can consist of rocks and minerals as well as the remains of plants and animals. Depending on how large the material is and how much energy the water has, material will be transported either through suspension, traction, solution or saltation. And we are now going to learn about these in more depth. You can see these full examples on the screen. Rivers transport sediment, and that they have eroded in four different ways: traction, saltation, suspension and solution. We are now going to go through these. Rivers can transport sediment through traction. This is where large rocks are rolled along the riverbed. This is like a tractor wheel, why do you think that is? Okay, you might say it because the wheels go round and they roll as well. So that's why it reminds us of tractor wheels that because the large rocks are rolling along the riverbed. So that's what we call traction. Rivers can transport sediment through saltation, where smaller pebbles are bouncing along the river bed. This is the same as jumping beans. Now, the reason it reminds me of jumping beans is because when you apply a little bit of heat to jumping beans, they start to jump and that's why they're called jumping beans. This helps me remember saltation, which is where small pebbles bounce along the river beds. Pause the video now, to complete the task on the screen. Did you realise that one of the statements were false? Thumbs up if you did, well done. In saltation, it's smaller pebbles that bounce along the river bed, not large rocks. Okay, they are very big so they won't be able to bounce but small pebbles will be able to bounce along the riverbed so well done, if you notice that. Rivers can transport sediment through suspension, this is when small sediment is carried along with the flow of the river. Now, this reminds me of a hoverboard. Have you ever tried a hoverboard? I know I have and I nearly felt so I don't think I'm that confident but maybe if I practise, I might become really good at being on the hoverboard. But for now, the reason I chose a hoverboard is because on a hoverboard it carries you a long the road. Once you've got your balance, it carries you along the road. And this is very similar in the river because the small sediment is just carried along with the flow of the river. Finally, the final way that rivers transport sediment is through solution. This is when small sediment is dissolved into the water and it becomes invisible which means you can't really see it. So this is why we liken it to invisible material. Pause the video now to complete the task on the screen. You can now see the answers on the screen, take a few moments to check your answers. How did you do? Well done if you matched most, if not all of them correctly. Rivers erode, transport and deposits which means drop-off material all along the length and whether they are eroding, transporting, or depositing depends on many factors, such as the river speed or velocity or the river depth, how deep the river is. What does deposit mean, can you remember? Good, deposit means to drop-off. When a river is travelling very fast, it has more energy so it can do more erosion. This is also when rivers are able to transport the most amount of sediments because they have the most amount of energy and they can move along really quickly. Rivers will deposit or drop-off material when they are moving the slowest, because this is when they have the least amount of energy to carry the sediments. On the other hand, rivers will deposit or drop-off material when they are moving the slowest, because this is when they have the least amount of energy to carry the sediments. Rivers will lose that energy when they stopped slow down, they will also lose their energy when the sediment they're carrying or the material that they're carrying is really, really heavy and really big. They will want to let it go because they don't have the energy to carry it forward. So just to recap, rivers lose energy when they slow down, which is the opposite of gaining energy when they move fast. And rivers also lose energy when they're carrying sediment that is very heavy or really large. On a river bend, the water moves faster on the outside of the bend. This is where the water will be the deepest, because most erosion has taken place there. The water moves more slowly on the inside of the bend. So this is where the deposition or the dropping of materials takes place. The deposition also makes the river more shallow because more materials are being dropped off and that's why it's not as deep as wherever erosion is happening. This therefore takes away even more of the rivers energy. Pause the video now to complete the task. You need to the labels on the left-hand side to label the diagram. You might want to use your pencil to draw the river before you label the diagram. On the screen, you can see the answers. Did you label your diagram like this as well? Well done, and if you have any quick fixes, you can fix the labels that weren't quite right just now. Okay, team that is now the end of the lesson. And I really hope you enjoyed today's lesson just as much as I did and learnt lots of new facts about how rivers shape the land. Next lesson, we will be learning about what landforms rivers can create. For now, if you would like to share any of the work with Oak National, please feel free to ask your parents or carers to share your work on Instagram, Facebook or Twitter, tagging @OakNational and #learnwithOak. Bye everyone.

In this lesson, we will be learning about what landforms are and how they can be created. We will also be looking at how rivers can create dramatic landforms by studying the Horseshoe Bend in the Grand Canyon and the Nile Delta in Egypt.

What landforms do rivers create? (Part 1)

﻿Hi everyone. My name is Miss Dhillon. And last lesson we were learning about how rivers shaped the land. Can you remember the ways in which rivers shaped the land? I will give you the first one to help you. So, rivers can shape the land through transportation. Can you now name the other two processes that can shape the land? Have a few moments to think. Good job! If you said erosion or deposition, you are correct. These are other ways that the land can be shaped by rivers. Now, the question we're going to be exploring in today's lesson is: what landforms do rivers create? This is what the structure of today's lesson is going to look like. We will go through the star words, then we will look at the following: What are landforms? Then we will look at how landforms are created. We will then look at two examples of Horseshoe Bend and the Nile Delta. And finally, we will move on to looking to understand how V-shaped shaped valleys are formed through erosion. But before, please make sure you have all your equipment ready for today's lesson. On the screen, you can see the star words for today's lesson. I will be explaining these in more detail throughout the lesson. But let's start using my turn, your turn to say them out loud. Landform. Tectonic plates. Glaciers. Erosion. Deposition. Transportation. V-shaped valley. Interlocking spurs. Good job, team! Let's start off by defining what a landform is. A landform is a part of the land. For example, mountains, hills, and valleys, these are all examples of different landforms. Remind me again, what is a landform? Say it out loud. Good. It is a part of the land. Landforms can be created by the movement of tectonic plates. For example, to create mountains like the Himalayas, like you can see in the picture on the screen. Tectonic plates are the earth's outer shell, which are divided into several plates and these can sometimes move. Landforms can also be created by oceans, for example, to create cliffs. Glaciers, big bodies of ice, create landforms such as deep valleys, which is a low area of land between hills or mountains. Wind can also create dramatic landforms, such as rock bridges. Have you ever seen one before? I wonder if you have. Pause the video now to complete the task on the screen. Match the photograph to the process. You can now see the answers on the screen. Take a few moments to check whether you matched the correct photograph with the correct process. Did you get those correct? High five! Well done! You've made a great start to today's lesson. Rivers can also create dramatic landforms. Erosion, transportation and deposition create landforms of varying shapes and sizes. The Horseshoe Bend in the Grand Canyon, which is in the USA, has been formed by erosion over millions of years. Pause the video now to complete the task on the screen. Did you get the correct answer? Well done if you did! The Horseshoe Bend has been created due to erosion. Now some landforms are so big that they can be seen from space, such as the Nile Delta in Egypt. The Nile Delta has been formed by thousands of years of deposition, the dropping of materials. This is where sediments, soil and rocks have been dropped off and added to the landform. You can see where this has happened on the screen. It has been circled with a ring. Pause the video now to complete the task on the screen. Did you get the correct answer? Well done if you did! You are on top form! So the Nile Delta has been created due to deposition, the dropping of materials. Rivers can also create beautiful landforms that drastically change the landscape. For example, the Fairy Pools in the Isle of Skye, which is in the UK. We are now going to look a bit more closely at V-shaped valleys. Point to the image where you can see the V in the valley. So maybe you pointed to around here. Well done if you did! You can see a V in the V-shaped valley, and that's where he gets his name from, because it creates a V. I would now like you to pause the video to complete this task. How do you think that V-shaped valleys are formed? Do you think it's because of erosion, deposition or transportation? This is a prediction, so it's okay if you don't get the answer correct. You are just predicting, and we will go through it shortly after you've done this question. We are now going to go through the answer together. So the answer is that the V-shaped valleys are caused due to the process of erosion. And let me now explain why. In the part of the river that's closest to the source, and this is known as the upper course of the river, this is where the river is still flowing through mountains and hills. The river does a lot of vertical erosion. This means erosion, but going downwards. Where is it going? Good! Downwards, like the arrow is pointing in the image. And because it is eroding downwards, it is cutting into the rock. The process of vertical erosion in the upper course creates a V-shaped valley. This is because it deepens the river channel by cutting into the rock. In the middle and lower course of the river, which is further away from the source and closer to the mouth of the river, where it ends, the river does more lateral, to the side, sideways erosion. This makes the river channel wider. So just to recap, vertical erosion is downwards, and lateral is sideways erosion. This makes the river wider, good job. And this makes the river deeper. Well done, team! I would now like you to pause the video to complete the task on the screen. Complete the sentences using the correct keywords. You can now see the answers on the screen. I'm just going to give you a few moments to check your answers. How did you do this time, team? Well done if you got most, if not all of those correct. High five! We are now going to look at some V-shaped valleys, but in a bit more depth. The river finds it easier to erode rock that is less resistant or softer than it is to erode more resistant, or harder rock. So what happens is the river bends around the areas of more resistant, or hard rock. These sections of rock that stick out that the river has not been able to erode because it's really hard rock, are called interlocking spurs. My turn, your turn: interlocking spurs. Good job! Look at the diagram more closely. Can you point to where you think the interlocking spurs are in the picture? Did you point to around about here? Well done if you did! So the interlocking spurs are the parts that have not been eroded because the rock is much, much harder and it's harder for the river to break these down. I would now like you to pause the video and complete the task on the screen. You've got some keywords to help you write your answer. On the screen, you can now see an example of a model answer. The keywords that I have used are in bold, so you can see how I've used them to write my sentences. I would now like you take a few moments to check your answer and compare it to the model answer. Okay team, that is now the end of our lesson, and I hope you enjoyed finding out lots about the landforms and how the rivers can create these. Next lesson, we will continue to investigate the same question and find out more about how rivers can create landforms. Bye, everyone!

In this lesson, we will be learning about how meanders in rivers are formed. In order to do this, we will be looking at the process of erosion and deposition in more depth. We will also be learning about how an oxbow lake is formed.

What landforms do rivers create? (Part 2)

﻿Hi everyone, my name is Miss Dhillon, and last lesson we were learning about what landforms rivers can create. Can you remember how a V-shaped Valley is created? Is it through lateral or sideways erosion, or is it through vertical which is downwards erosion? Have a moment to think. Well done, if you said vertical erosion. So vertical erosion is downwards erosion, and that's how it V-shaped valley is created. In the lesson today, we will continue to explore the question, what landforms do rivers create? This is what the structure of the lesson today is going to look like. We will start by going through the star words, then we will be looking at the following. First, we will study a satellite image. Then, you will learn about meanders and how they form. Next, we will learn about erosion and deposition and the role they play in forming a meander. Then we will look at how an oxbow lake is created. And finally, you will finish with a writing task. But first of all, let's make sure we're ready for the lesson, so please make sure you have all the things mentioned on the screen. On the screen, you can see the star words for today's lesson. I will be explaining these star words in more detail throughout the lesson. But first, let's start by saying them out loud using my turn your turn, meander, lateral erosion, middle course, deposition, sediment, oxbow lake. Fantastic. On the screen, you can see a satellite image of the Amazon River. I want to know, what does this satellite image reveal about the Amazon River? How does it flow? Does it flow in a straight line? I wonder. So have a few moments to look at the image and I'm going to give you a few moments to think about what this satellite image is telling us about the Amazon River. Okay, did you notice that the river is bending and curving? Well done, if you did. We can say that the Amazon River meanders. Meanders means it curves and bends. What does meander mean? Good, that it curves and bends. We are now going to learn about how meanders form. In the middle course, which is further away from the source of the river, rivers have more energy and therefore they do more erosion. This erosion is more lateral, which is sideways erosion and this makes the river wider. As the river erodes laterally it forms big bends in the river. We call this a meander. What do we call this bend? Good job, a meander, good listening. Meanders form because of lateral erosion. Show me with your hands what is lateral erosion? Good job, you should be saying sideways not downwards, that's vertical erosion. So just be careful. So meanders form because of lateral erosion and deposition, which is the dropping off materials. I would now like you to pause the video to complete the task on the screen. Here is the answer. Did you get the answer correct? High five. Well done. You've made a great start to today's lesson. Now I'm going to use an example of a car to explain the movement of the water around a bend. When a car goes around a bend the speed is greatest on the outside of the bend, where is the speed greatest? Good job, on the outside of the bend. The faster the car goes around the bend the more the driver and the passengers will be pushed to the outside of the bend. Now, rivers work in a very similar way. When the water goes round a bend the water on the outside of the bend has the most energy to erode on the outside of the bend. Where does the water have more energy in the bend? Good job, on the outside of the bend, just like that fast car going around the bend. Where you can see the arrow on the outside of the bend this is where the water is travelling the fastest and where the most erosion happens in a meander. Pause the video now to complete the task on the screen. Make sure you choose the correct word to finish the sentence. Here are the answers. Take a few moments to check your answers. How did you do this time? I know you're paying close attention and trying your best, so keep up the good work. As the water travels the fastest on the inside or outside of the bend, remind me? Outside of the bend, well done. This means that the outside of the bend is continually being eroded, means it keeps getting eroded more and more. And what this means is that the bend gets bigger. You can see this in the diagram if you look closely at B. In A, you can see that the river is starting to erode the sides, where is B, the bend is continually being eroded and that's what's making the bend bigger and bigger. Water on the inside of the bend moves much more slowly. This is where the river has less energy because it's moving more slowly. What does it have? Good job, it has less energy and that's why it's moving more slowly. So this is where most of the deposition occurs as the river has not got the energy to carry the materials. So to summarise, when water goes around a bend, the water on the outside of the bend moves up? Fastest, well done. And this means that the river has more or less energy? Good, it has more energy when it's moving fast and therefore, this leads to more erosion because it can break down the rocks, because it has more energy. The outside of the bend is continuously being eroded, and this is what makes the bend, bigger, good job team. So now we have learned about meanders and how they are formed. Pause the video now to complete the task on the screen. Make sure you choose the correct words to finish off the sentences. Here are the answers. Take a few moments to check your answers. How did you do team? Well done, if you've got most, if not all of those correct. Thumbs-up for you. Okay, so now I would like to give you some thinking time, and the question I would like you to think about is this. What might happen eventually, as the meanders get bigger and bigger, becoming increasingly close together? So this question I would like you to predict what you think will happen. Your answer is not right or wrong is just a prediction, and then we will go through it together. So take a few moments, pause the video, and think about this question. As the meanders get bigger, the neck of the meander becomes more narrower. You can see this as marked as a red cross on the image. When the neck of the meander is very narrow, it is much easier for the river to break through when it gains more energy. You can see this as the arrows in the image. When the river cuts through the neck it forms a new path and leaves behind an oxbow lake. You can see an example of oxbow lake in the image. The oxbow lake is sealed off by sediment that the river deposits or drops off. Is now time for your writing task. You are going to explain how an oxbow lake forms. You have been given some sentence starters and keywords to help you. Pause the video now to complete this task. Here are the answers. The keywords that have been used are in bold, so you can see how you can use them in your answer. Spend a few moments reading this model example, and seeing how it compares to your own answer. Okay team, so that is now the end of today's lesson. And I hope you enjoyed this lesson as much as I did and lots and lots of new facts, about how landforms are created. You should now feel more confident explaining what erosion and deposition is and where it happens in rivers. Next lesson, we will be learning more about why rivers are important to people. Bye everyone. If you would like to share your work with Oak National, please ask your parents or carer to share your work on Instagram, Facebook, or Twitter, tagging @OakNational and #LearnwithOak.

In this lesson, we will be learning about rivers and why they are important to people. We will be looking at two case studies in the lesson today - the Volga River in Russia and the Amazon River in South America.

Why are rivers important to people?

﻿Hi everyone. My name is Miss Dhillon, and last lesson we were learning about what land forms rivers create. Can you remember through which process a meander is created? Is it through deposition, erosion or transportation? If you said erosion well done, you are correct. In today's lesson, we will be exploring the question why are rivers important to people? This is what the structure of today's lesson is going to look like. First, we're going to start with the star words, then you will begin by doing a concept map with your ideas about rivers, and why they might be important to people. Then we will look at the Volga River in Russia. This is a river we learnt about in lesson one, and why it's important for the people living there. And then finally, we will then look at the Amazon river in South America and why it's important for the people living there. First of all, make sure you have all the equipment ready for today's lesson. On the screen, you can see the star words for today's lesson. I will be explaining these star words in more detail throughout the lesson, but first let's start by saying them out loud using my turn, your turn. Are you ready? Volga River, agriculture, fertile, fishing, sturgeon, caviar, Amazon River, transportation, tourism. Well done team. To start the lesson, I would like you to create a concept map. I would like you to draw a cloud in the middle of your page like you can see on the screen. And then inside that cloud, I would like you to write down, rivers are important people because, and three dots. I would like you to think about these two questions. Why are rivers important to people, and why do people build their communities and cities along rivers? These two questions should guide your thinking around the concept map. Pause the video now to complete this task. Remember this is a task you're doing before the start of the lesson, so it's just your initial ideas about what you think. Pause the video now to complete the task. Here are some examples of what you might have written. You might have said that rivers are important for transport to help people get around. You might have even said that rivers are important because that is where we get our drinking water from. You might even have said that rivers are important because people might rely on the river for food. For example, eating fish. Other reasons rivers are important to people are for farming, for tourism, and for leisure. In today's lesson, we will be exploring some of these reasons in more depth. The Volga River is a very important river in Russia. Nearly 40% of the Russian population live within the area of land affected by the Volga River. Over 50% of Russia's agriculture... agriculture means farming, takes place along the Volga River. The river has produced very fertile soil. Fertile soil is soil that is very rich and very good for growing plants. So this means that farmers are able to grow cereals such as wheat and barley, with various other types of fruits and vegetables too. Pause the video now to complete the task on the screen. This is a true or false activity. So read the statement and decide whether it is true or false. If it is false, I would like you to rewrite the statement, and turn it into a true statement. Pause the video now. You can now see the answers on the screen. For A, you should have said it's false. And if you rewrote the statement, you should have said that over 50% of Russia's agriculture takes the place along the Volga River. For B, the statement is also false. The statement should be that the Volga River has produced soil that is fertile. And C is true, so you don't need to change that statement. The Volga River is also very important for the Russian fishing industry, and it's also a source of food for the people. There are over 120 species of fish in the Volga River. One of these include the sturgeon. My turn, your turn, sturgeon. The largest sturgeon to ever be caught was from the Volga River in 1827. And it weighed 1,570 kilogrammes, and was over seven metres long. Pause the video now to complete the task on the screen. The answer was B. Did you get the correct answer? Well done for remembering that correctly. Russia is also very famous for caviar, which is fish eggs. My turn, your turn, caviar. Good job. The caviar comes from fish that live in the Volga River. On the screen, you can see examples of red caviar and black caviar. The Beluga Sturgeon from the Volga River produces the most valuable caviar. But the issue is that the Beluga Sturgeon has become endangered due to overfishing. And so this caviar is very hard to come by now. I would now like you to pause the video to complete the task on the screen. Describe one of the reasons why the Volga River is very famous. You have sentence stems to get you started, and also some key words to help you write your answer. Pause the video now. Here is an example of a model answer. You can see all the keywords in bold. Take a few moments to check your answer against this model answer. So you should have said that the Volga River is very famous for caviar, which are fish eggs. And the most value of caviar is from the Beluga Sturgeon but actually this is now endangered due to overfishing. So those are the key ideas that you might have mentioned in that answer. How did you do? Did you write a similar answer? Well done team, you are working really hard. The Amazon River has its source in Peru. Where is the source of the Amazon River? Good job, in Peru. And Peru is marked as a circle on the map for you to see. The river, then travels Eastwards. On the map, you can see, I have written West and East, which are the compass directions. In which direction would it be Eastwards? Can you point on the map where Eastwards would be? Good job if you said in this direction towards the East. So the river travels eastwards through Brazil before it meets the Atlantic ocean. Can you point to where the Atlantic ocean is on the map? Well done, if you said it's here. The Amazon river's tributaries, which are smaller rivers that flow into a larger river, pass through Bolivia, Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador. The Amazon river has many tributaries, which are rivers and streams that flow into a larger river or lake. You can see these on the map. They are the thinner blue lines. We are now going to talk about why the Amazon river is so important for the people that live around the river. Many of the areas through which the Amazon river, and its tributaries pass, are very hard to access by road. Which means it's very difficult to get to those areas by road. And so the river is very, very important for these people to be able to get around, and also to transport goods by boats. Farmers are able to transport their produce from deep within the Amazon rainforest to other communities so that they can sell the products and earn a living. On the screen, you can see a picture of someone delivering their produce via a boat. I would now like you to pause the video to complete the task on the screen. Why is the Amazon River used for transportation of goods? Think about what we've just spoken about and how tricky it is to get to certain areas. So that is your clue to help you with this answer. You have a sentence stem and some key words to get you started. Pause the video now. Here is an example of a model answer. The Amazon River is used for the transportation of goods, because the areas through which the tributaries pass are hard and difficult to access by road. Therefore boats are used to transport goods. This is an example of what you might have written. Take a few moments to check your answer. Well done for writing in full sentences and endeavouring to use all the key words. I know you're working really hard and trying to use all the words that I am suggesting for you to use. Companies are able to use larger boats to tow, which means to pull larger amounts of goods, such as logs. This is a much cheaper way of transporting larger goods. Give me an example of a large good that is transported across the Amazon river. Good, you should've said logs. Cruise boats that are often filled with tourists who want to see the Amazon River, also use the river so the tourists can explore the river. This tourism creates jobs for the local people and generates money for the local people as they can also sell their local produce and handcrafted items to tourists. Pause the video now to complete the task on the screen. Remember use the pictures to help you fill in the missing gaps. Here is the answer. Did you manage to get the final question for today's lesson correct? Well done if you did. You can clearly use the pictures to help you get to the right answer, well done. I really hope you enjoyed today's lesson as much as I did. And today you have learnt how rivers can be very important for agriculture, very important for the fishing industry, and for transportation of goods and people. Next lesson, we will be learning about what happens when rivers floods. Bye everyone. If you would like to share your work with Oak National, please ask your parents or carer to share your work on Instagram, Facebook, or Twitter, tagging @OakNational and #LearnwithOak.

In this lesson, we will be learning about the physical causes of flooding as well as the human factors which can increase the risk of flooding. We will also be learning about dams by studying the Aswan High Dam in Egypt.

What happens when a river floods?

﻿Hi everyone. My name is Miss Dhillion. And last lesson we were learning about why rivers are important to people. Can you give me one reason why rivers are important to people? Okay, so you might have said they're useful for transportation or that they're really useful for agriculture because the soil near rivers is really fertile or you might have even said, it's very useful for the fishing industry and also the tourist and travel industries. So there are lots of positives of rivers and the impact it can have for people. In the lesson today, We will be exploring the question, what happens when a river floods? This is what the structure of our lesson is going to look like. We are going to go through the star words, then we're going to learn about what a flood is, then we will learn about the physical causes of floods. Then we will look at the human factors, which increase the flood risk and finally, we will finish by looking at the positives and the negatives of floods. Please make sure you have all the equipment that you will need for today's lesson On the screen, you can see the star words for today's lesson. Let's say them out loud using my turn, your turn. Are you ready? Floods, banks, rainfall, snowmelt, infiltration, urbunisation, impermeable, deforestation, agriculture. Okay, team. There's lots of new and long words on the page, but don't worry. We will go through them as we move through the lesson. So in today's lesson, we are going to be looking at physical and human geography, which are two strands of geography. We will be looking at the physical causes of floods and these include rainfall, snow melt, and the sleep slopes. Then we will also be looking at human factors which are increasing flood risk. And we will be looking at urbanisation and deforestation. But first let's start by understanding what a flood is? Let's read the definition together. When a river's water spills over its banks, which is the sides of the river and spreads out over the surrounding area. So, something that is very important is to understand that the water is spilling over. So there's too much and it's spilling over the banks, which are the sides of the river. And what happens as a result is that water spills over into the surrounding areas. Good job. I would now like you to pause the video so you can complete this task. Let's see if you can remember the definition of a flood. Here is the correct answer. How did you do team? Did you manage to remember the definition of a flood? Thumbs up if you did. Now, we're going to look at the causes of floods. A river can flood due to a variety of reasons. We will start by looking at the physical causes of flooding. Firstly, a river can flood because of heavy rainfall or when there has been rainfall for a very long period of time. Secondly, another physical reason or cause for flooding is snowmelt. If snow and ice suddenly melt in the mountains, this can lead to rivers flooding. And this is because all the ice that melts turns into water and fills the rivers, causing them to flood. Thirdly, another physical cause of floods is steep slopes. If the river is surrounded by very steep land, the water can run down really, really quickly to the river. And this can cause the river levels to rise. Steep slopes tend to reduce the amount of infiltration of water into the ground. My turn, your turn. Infiltration. Infiltration of water is when the water enters the soil. So because these slopes are very steep rather than the water having chance to absorb into the soil, it actually runs down really fast to the river. And this causes flooding. I would now like you to pause the video so you can complete the task on the screen. Here is the answer. So all of these were physical causes of floods except urbanisation. So well done if you spotted that. Now we're going to look at the human factors, which increase flood risk. Humans have increased flood risk due to urbanisation, which is the building of towns and cities. My turn, your turn. Urbanisation. This is because towns and cities have impermeable surfaces. My turn, your turn. Impermeable. Good job team. So impermeable means that the surface does not allow water to go through them. So if you look out into the cities and towns, most of it, has floor that is concrete. This is very different to soil, which allows the water to sip in, but concrete does not let the water do this. So what happens is that the water carries on running on the pavement rather than going through the pavement. So what happens when there is very, very heavy rainfall? Is that the water has nowhere to go. Humans are also increasing flood risk by cutting down lots of trees. And this is known as deforestation. Trees are very useful because they catch lots of rain and they slow down the movement of water on the land, which helps to reduce flooding. Therefore, cutting down trees prevents this from happening. Pause the video now to match up the picture with the correct keyword. Here are the answers. Deforestation is the cutting down of trees and urbanisation is the building and extending of towns and cities. Well done, if you matched those up correctly. Now that we have covered all the physical causes of floods, as well as the human factors, which can increase the risk of floods, I would now like you to sort these causes into the correct heading. The two headings are physical causes and human factors. Pause the video now to complete this task. Here are the answers. Did you manage to order most if not all of those correctly? Well done if you did. High five Jogva. Now we're going to stop by looking at the positives of flooding. And then we will go on to looking at the negatives. So rivers have always flooded and humans have actually depended on rivers flooding. This is because each time a river floods, it deposits, which means it leaves behind very important sediments and nutrients on the surrounding land. This makes the soil very rich and very fertile. Rich and fertile soil is very important for successful agriculture or farming. If the soil is fertile, you can grow lots of crops on that soil. However, on the other hand, there can be some negatives of flooding and it can cause a lot of problems for the people who live very close to the river. Each year homes are destroyed and people lose their lives when rivers floods. Once floods have happened, because they destroy so many houses and buildings, cleaning up flooded areas and rebuilding the communities takes a very long time and costs a lot of money. For this task, I would like you to write what one positive and one negative impact of flooding is. You can use the pictures on the screen to help you remember what those reasons are. Pause the video now. And don't forget to write in full sentences. Here is the answer. Take a few moments to read through the positive and the negative. Okay, team. So the key positive is that the river deposits really important sediments, which helps farmers grow their crops. And this is really important for successful agriculture. And then the main negatives is that it destroys people's homes. It takes lives and it costs a lot of money and time to rebuild the areas in which the flood has occurred. Now, one strategy that people use to prevent flooding is building a dam. You can see a dam in the picture on the screen. A dam is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of water. We are now going to look at a case study. We are going to be learning about the Aswan High Dam, which is built across the River Nile in Egypt. On the screen, you can see the continent of Africa. We are going to be zooming in to the country of Egypt. On the map, you can see where the Aswan High Dam is, and this is the red pin on the map. In the map, you can now see a blue rectangle. And in this, you can see a reservoir or lake that is built up behind the dam. Now we're going to read some information about the Aswan High Dam. Let's look at the text more closely. Are you ready to read it with me? The reservoir built up behind the dam is an important store of water during the times of drought, which is a lack of rain. The dam also allows electricity to be generated and it's helped stop the annual floods, which has caused a lot of problems. However, the dam stopping annual flood has led to a gradual decrease in the fertility of the farmland. The annual flood brought important nutrients to the farm lands along the river. Farmers must now use lots of irrigation, which is watering systems to water their farmland. Okay, team. So the reason we're looking at this case study is it's very important to highlight the positives, but also the negatives of instilling a dam, which will help prevent flooding. So in the text, you can see the pink, which is talking about the positives. So it says that the reservoir, which is created as a result of the dam is a very important store of water. The dam also allows the local people to create electricity, which is of importance for daily life. And it's also stopped the annual flood, which happens every year. However, In the purple we can see the negatives of this dam. The key negative point is that the dam has stopped the floods, which has stopped important nutrients being deposited onto the farmland. Therefore this is impacted, the agriculture or farming, but in a negative way Is now your turn to write down what you think about controlling rivers. You are going to answer the question, should all rivers be controlled to prevent flooding? For this task, you will need to use a text on the previous slide. So on this page, to help you write your answer. So you can always go back to that previous page to help you write your answer. You can also use the positives and negatives of flooding, which we learned about earlier on in the lesson. For the last sentence here, where it says, overall, I think that ... This requires you to write down your own opinion. So there is no right or wrong answer. Just what you think. Let me share an example of what your answer might look like. So let's have a look at my model example. So this is my answer. Let's read it together. On the one hand, I think that rivers should be controlled to prevent flooding because flooding can cause a lot of destruction. For example, destroying homes and taking lives. On the other hand, I think that rivers should not be controlled to prevent flooding because as we can see, in the example of the Aswan High Dam, preventing the annual flood led to a decrease in the fertility of the farmland, which would normally benefit from the nutrients that were deposited by the river. Overall, I think that rivers should be controlled to keep people and their homes safe, but with careful consideration of the potential disadvantages and how these can be overcome. Okay, team. So now you can see how I have used the sentence stems to write an answer. And I have also referred back to the Aswan High Dam as an example. Now it's your turn to write your answer. Pause the video now to complete this task. Okay, team. That is now the end of today's lesson. And I really hoped you enjoyed learning more about what happens when a river floods? Bye everyone. If you would like to, please ask a parent or carer to share your work on Instagram, Facebook, or Twitter, tagging@OakNational and #LearnwithOak.

Unit Overview: Rivers

Lessons: