Online and media: Dangers of viewing explicit material

Being safe: Informed consent

Intimate relationships: Reproductive health and impact of alcohol and drugs

Mental wellbeing: Impact of our actions on mental health

Internet safety and harms: Online relationships and harmful behaviour

Drugs and alcohol: Addiction and alcohol dependency

Mental wellbeing: Recognising problems and seeking support

Internet safety and harms: Gambling, debt and targeted advertising

Being safe: Honour based violence and FGM

Intimate sexual relationships: Pregnancy and parenting

Healthy lifestyles: Choices approaching adulthood

Drugs and alcohol: Dangers of recreational drug use

Health and prevention: Self-care and self-awareness

RSHE (PSHE)

Y11 RSHE (PSHE)

Key Stage 4

Year 11

UNIT

The lesson explores the different types of gambling and its impact on people

Understanding gambling

﻿Right, welcome to the RSHE, PSHE lesson with me, Mr. Duffy. Today, we're going to look at internet safety and harm, gambling, debt and targeted advertising. Today's lesson is called understanding gambling. Now this lesson does cover issues about gambling and addiction. If this is a sensitive topic to you, we recommend checking with a trusted adult before starting or doing the lesson with a trusted adult nearby. So, hopefully, you've done your intro quiz and you did really well at that. We're going to look at the types of gambling, the purpose of gambling, the impact of gambling, and finally, you do your exit quiz at the end of the lesson. So let's take a look at some key words then. So gambling is playing games of chance for money or material goods. An addiction is defined as not having control over doing, taking, or using something to the point where it could be harmful to you. So for this lesson, you will need an exercise book or paper because you will need to write some things down. There are going to be some tasks along the way, in which case you will need a pen or a pencil. So let's take a look at the law then before we start. So in the UK, you need to be at least 18 years old to gamble legally, whether that is online or live. The minimum age gambling for lotteries and football pools, however, is 16. So what types of gambling can you think of? What I want you to do is pause the video, write down some ideas and I'll see you in a second. Fantastic. So the different types of gambling then could include things like arcades for adults and those for families. So you think about arcades at the seaside. Some of those arcades are primarily for adults and it will say strictly over 18 only, and then there are some more family friendly arcades as well. Betting, online, at an event or in a high street bookmakers. The bingo, for example, in a bingo hall. A casino that could be either online or in a casino at a live setting. Lotteries that include raffles, tombolas and sweepstakes, and gaming machines such as fruit machines, fixed odds betting terminals. So betting on horse racing is a form of sports betting. Is that true or false? Make your choice. I'll see you in a second. It is true. So betting on horse racing, or horse betting commonly known as, occurs at many horse races. Gamblers can stake money on the final placement of the horse taking part in the race. So the types of betting then that are available. So we've got arcades, we've got betting and we've got bingo. So arcades are things like adult gaming centres. So these include things like fruit machines and the slot machines. Then licenced family entertainment centres as well. So those are the ones that you might see at the seaside and unlicensed family entertainment centres. Now betting, fixed odds betting, is the most common form of betting. So this is something like if you were to stake a 10 pound bet at odds of two to one on the horse racing, you would win 30 pounds. 20 pounds would be your winnings and 10 pounds would be the stake, or the money that you bet, if you were successful. If you were to lose, you would lose your 10 pound bet, or the stake. You've also got pool betting, something like the football polls. Acting as a betting intermediary, spread betting which is regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority. So you've got bingo betting. So bingo betting is a game of probability, which players mark off numbers on cards and as the numbers are drawn randomly by the caller, for example, 11, 27, the winner is the person to mark off all their numbers. In some cases, they may have a line which could be four in a row and they would shout out, "Line" and they'd win maybe a small prize. If they were to get all the numbers, they would shout out, "Bingo," And in which case they would win maybe the ultimate prize, or the bigger prize. You've got what we call casinos. Now these can be available online or at a casino premises. Now, obviously at the moment, everything is all online. Lots of things are online. The casinos are currently shut. So one of the things is that casinos have been heavily used all online, which means they have easily accessibility. That you're easily able to access them. So most casinos offer a variety of games. You can play things like poker, black jack. There's also gaming machines in there. So there's lots of variety at casinos. We talked about lotteries. Now you need to be 16 to play a lottery. However, a lottery can only be run for good causes. So you think about the National Lottery. We will pay our money and we would enter the lottery. We'd get our numbers and we'd enter that lottery. The lottery, however, for itself is a charity and will give money to good causes with a prize fund available as well. Okay? So things like raffles and tombolas, sweepstakes are all types of lottery. We've also got the gaming machines. Now these gaming machines are reel-based type, also known as fruit machines, slot, or jackpot machines. And these are the ones where you pull a lever and the numbers or images spin round and hopefully you'll get three in a row and you'll win some form of prize, usually in the form of money. So why do people gamble then? So we've seen the different types of ways in which we can gamble. So why do people gamble? Pause the video and I'll see you in a second. So many people gamble as a fun pastime. However, some people can become addicted, but for most people it's generally they go to horse races for a lovely afternoon meet, gamble a little bit of money on the horses. It could be the Grand National, for example. But they turn up, they gamble a little bit of money, and have fun along the way with their friends. However, for some people that thrill of winning can become quite addictive. Some people make money when they win, and for some people that joy of making money and winning money is really fun and something that they enjoy. However, as we all know, gambling can lead to losses and some people might lose a little bit of money. something that certainly they won't miss over a period of time. They can afford to gamble. They're using money that they've got spare and they can afford to lose a little bit of money on the day. For some people though, they can't afford to lose that huge amount of money that maybe they're gambling. And that's why it can become a real problem. A lot of people enjoy the thrill of winning and for most people, yes, their horse has come first, they've won a nice amount of money. They're really happy, they're excited, they're ecstatic, and that's it. They go about their day as normal, they go about their evening as normal and their life continues. But for some people that thrill can be so addictive that they need that thrill a lot. And they need that more and more. It's a bit like taking a drug in that sense that they've taken a drug, they enjoy the feeling and they require more of that feeling and take more drugs to get the same feeling, and that can be the same for gambling. So what is the impact of gambling on people then? So pause the video and I'll see you in a second. We hear a lot about addiction and when we talk about addiction, our first primary thought is alcohol, nicotine, smoking and drugs. We tend not to think about things like, well, gambling, or shopping, or the internet, the use of the internet. We can become addicted to pretty much anything because if we enjoy it and we crave it, and we want more of it, ultimately we become addicted to it. And gambling is, unfortunately, exactly the same. There are four main reasons why people gamble and these might help you understand how gambling can become addictive and why it's hard to stop. In some cases, it's social reasons. And as I said earlier, going to the horses or going to the dogs or going to any event, football, where you can place a bet with a group of friends becomes quite social. And if that person has a bit of an issue, but they don't want to share it with their friends, they're going to continue to gamble and it's hard to break that habit. So social reasons can be a reason why someone becomes addicted. For financial reasons. And we'll talk about this term chasing losses later on. But for financial reasons, it may be that actually they're making a lot of money and as a result, they want to continue making that money. For some people where gambling, for example a poker player, it is a professional pastime, but it's only a professional pastime, because A, they're very good at it, and B, they understand their losses and financial losses. So what they will do is they will have an amount of money that they gamble with and they will make sure that at the end of the evening or the end of the season or however they determine over period of time is for them, they will make sure that they are always are above what they've gambled. So they will make sure they always have what we call a profit. Now we might hear that gambler, that professional poker player, that they made a million pounds in a year or they've won a million pounds in a year. What that doesn't necessarily mean is that they have a million pounds worth of profit. It may be that their stake, or their bet was 800,000 pounds. In which case, their profit will be 200,000. In some cases, it may be that they've only broken even. And actually that they've bet a million and won a million and there is no profit. But for many professional gamblers, they will make sure that they have a point where they will always try and make that profit. However, for people who it isn't a profession and where it is an addiction, may find that actually they're losing more money than they've got. And then actually they're spending their winnings quicker than they're getting in and that again is where gambling addiction becomes an issue. For entertainment reasons, they may just simply enjoy it. They may enjoy the entertainment of betting. We talked about social reasons. They might like to go to the bookies and talk to people. They may be lonely and don't have many friends and actually going to the bookies is an opportunity to socialise. But also going to the bookies or going to the casino could be classed as entertainment for them, and actually they're getting something from it. Going to the football and betting on the football is classed as entertainment. It might be that they're betting on, again, horse racing and then going live to an entertainment type show is something that's really appealing to them. But because of that, they could end up with these addictive traits. And as a result, it becoming a problem. For coping reasons. We talked and you may have talked about things like becoming addicted to drugs and alcohol because of a bereavement potentially, or something has happened earlier on in their life, which may be they need to use those substances to cope with those things. And gambling is and can be classed as an escapism. That they're escaping from some form of trauma, something that maybe has happened in their life. They don't really want to think about, they don't want to talk about and gambling gives them that escapism. And as a result, it helps them cope with whatever it is that's going on in their life. For example, a bereavement. So that's why people generally gamble, but also associated with those reasons can become the reasons why they then become addicted. So let's look at a scenario then. So the impact of gambling on David. So David is 21 years old and started gambling for fun. He had some early wins. He has kept playing in the hope he will win again and again. And he wants to experience those same good feelings. What are your concerns then about David? Pause the video, write down your ideas and we'll see you in a second. Fantastic. I hope you've got some really good ideas there. Now certainly from my point of view is that one, he started gambling reasonably early. Yeah, a couple years after his 18th birthday and you know, he's done really well. He had some really early wins. And he really enjoyed the thrill of winning. It sounds to me though because he wants that same experience and those same good feelings over and over again then actually has it now become more addictive that he's craving the thrill and he's chasing that thrill? My concerns would be at this stage that it's starting to take over his sort of every day life. That maybe we could suggest that actually he's starting to think about more about gambling than maybe some of his other activities outside of gambling. For example, his social life, his work, his relationships. Are they suffering because of the need to gamble? That would be my concern. We always hate when the fun stop, stop. Is he losing the enjoyment of just gambling and chasing the thrill? That will be my concern. So the impact of gambling can be on finances and on mental health. Things like spending more money than they want on gambling. If we go back to David, is he starting to do that? They may struggle to find money for bills because they're using their money instead to gamble expecting that big win that in many cases just does not arrive. They may take out loans to cover potentially gambling debt. Depends where they're gambling. If they're gambling, hopefully, at a reputable company, they shouldn't hopefully get into that debt. But if they're not, or they're gambling through a third party because maybe the gambling shops aren't allowing that person to gamble, they may be raking up a bit of debt. That's going to have an impact, a really impact on their mental health. Extreme emotions and mood swings. If they've won and they've won big, they're going to be elated, but if they've lost a huge amount of money, they're going to be upset and they're going to be quite annoyed and that kind of feelings and those emotions and that going from elation to not, that big swing could have an impact on their relationships. Feeling that gambling is the only thing they enjoy to the exclusion of other things, and we said that, didn't we, about David? That that's certainly one of our concerns is that is it no longer a fun pastime and it's more of a need to gamble. Using gambling as a way to deal with other problems or emotions in life. Like what we talked about that escapism. Potentially difficulty sleeping. Whether that's because of the worry about a financial debt or a gambling debt or the worry that they need to gamble the next day. What they going to gamble on. How they going to make some money. Feeling depressed or anxious generally because potentially because of these issues with finances and that need to gamble. And that could have ultimately lead to suicidal thoughts. So there is help and advice out there. And as we know with any addiction, providing the person seeks help and wants help they can get better. These organisations' websites can provide further information. So Be Gamble Aware, the NHS, and Gam Care are all services available online for people who need to seek either A, further advice and information and just want to gain more information about gambling in general or particular addiction related to gambling, but also for people to go and seek help about their gambling addiction. So like I said, I've been Mr. Duffy. I really hope you've enjoyed this lesson today. I really hope you've learned something about why people gamble and understand gambling a little bit more than you did at the start. If you'd like to, please share your work with us. If you'd like to, please ask your parent or carer to share your work on Twitter. Tagging @OakNational and #LearnwithOak. Like I said, I've been Mr. Duffy. I'm really glad you've joined me today, and I'll see you soon, goodbye.

This lesson will look at advertising awareness, gambling-like behaviours and virtual currencies.

Resilience towards gambling

﻿Welcome to RSHE, PSHE lesson, internet safety and harms. Gambling, debt and targeted advertising. My name's Mr. Duffy and I'm really glad that you've joined me today. Today we're going to look at resilience towards gambling. Now this lesson does cover issues about gambling and addiction. If this is a sensitive topic to you, we recommend checking with a trusted adult before starting or doing the lesson with a trusted adult nearby. So hopefully you've done your quiz and you did really, really well on that. We're then going to look at advertising awareness, gambling-like behaviours, virtual currencies, and the exit quiz at the end. So let's take a look at some keywords then briefly. So gambling is playing games of chance for money or material goods. And resilience is the process of adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats or significant sources of stress. So for this lesson, you're going to need an exercise book or paper 'cause you will need to write some things down as there are some tasks throughout the lesson and you will also need a pen or a pencil. So let's take a look at the law then. So in the UK, you need to be at least 18 years old to gamble legally, whether that is online or live. And what we mean by live, is at a venue. For example, a casino. However, the minimum age for lotteries and things like football pools in the UK is 16. So gambling advertising has been banned from media designed for young people since 2007. Is that true or false? Make your choice and I'll see you a second. It's true, so despite the fact that gambling advertising has been banned for media designed for young people since 2007, the Gambling Commission survey of 2020 found that 58% of young people say, they have seen or heard gambling adverts or sponsorship. So where do you think then, young people might see gambling being advertised? Pause the video, I'll see you in a second. So although gambling advertisements have been banned on platforms designed for children under the age of 18, it still doesn't stop them from being exposed to gambling advertisements. Here we have an image of the champions league and football team within the champions league or with other sporting performances or tournaments, you may see sponsors on their shirts. For example, Bet365, across a team's football shirts. Sponsorship at sporting events. So certain spots in events, for example, maybe the darts, the snooker, or football matches may have a betting company as their main sponsor. Sponsorship at those sporting events. We might see, for example, the Grand National and around the course at certain places, at certain points, we may see betting advertisement at that event. It may even be sponsored, they may even sponsor the network within which it's been shown on. So maybe, at ITV for example, well certainly ITV, or Channel Four, if it's being shown on those channels, may go to an advertisement. And the first advertisement might be sponsored by advertising brand. Seeing betting shops on the high street. Having the logo above the door in bright colours is advertisements. Yet under 18's are seeing this constantly. Behaviour and habits of celebrities on social media. You know, harmlessly putting on their social media account, on their news feed, so that they've maybe had a bet, an accumulated type bet on the football and maybe it didn't come in, or that it did come in. You are going to be experienced and exposed to these things which are technically gambling advertisements, which according to the last statement, should have been banned for you since 2007. And advertisements on social media. Now you might not see an advertisement before 9:00 PM on the telly, because that's been banned, it's strictly regulated. However, there's nothing to stop you seeing those adverts to some extent on social media, 'cause it's all based on who you follow and the algorithms are designed and made specifically for you to see certain content. So how are you then protected from gambling advertisements? Pause the video, I'll see you in a second. So the Advertising Standards Authority, also known as the ASA, have produced a 16 page document called gambling advertising, protecting children and young people. It's quite a lengthy document full of jargon, and full of information on what gambling firms or media outlets for people who design the adverts must follow. A set of guidelines and a set of laws and rules that non-broadcast and broadcast marketing communication, people, companies should follow when advertising. And they're very, very strict. However, there are lots and lots of holes in it, as we identified earlier. Not taking into account that under 18's may be watching a football match. Four English football league clubs are sponsored by an advertising company. And okay, an under 18 buying their football shirt is not allowed to buy the football shirt that has a betting company across the front of it, just like an under 18 can't buy a football shirt that has an alcoholic brand advertised on it. It still doesn't stop them seeing it 'cause their stars, their heroes, the best players, the team that they follow, that they're going to say day in, day out, the team that they watch on the telly or watch live, still there. So although there are rules and regulations, there's still going to be an element of under 18, young people still being exposed to betting advertisement or gambling advertising. And it's really important that we're able to build up a resilience towards that and understand that it's still advertising and understand and build up that resilience towards gambling type behaviours, in which to stop potential issues later on, such as addiction. So the ASA, the codes limit children's exposure to gambling and advertising and ensure that where they see ads directed at adults, marketing communications are not likely to influence detrimentally. They require the marketers to take all the reasonable steps to ensure that advertising is not targeted at under 18's, even through selection of media, or the ad content. So we've got to be very, very careful. They can't try and be clever and smart about it and go, well, let's advertise here because lots of under 18's use it but it's technically a platform that we're allowed, there's strict rules. So for example, maybe on certain YouTube channels, influencers where they know that there's a high young person population following that, they probably wouldn't be allowed to advertise for betting companies on those certain social media platforms or for those certain influencers potentially. Prevent advertising being directed to adult audiences posing a risk to under 18's as well. So what is then, online gambling? We talked about a little bit about this in the last lesson, but what is online gambling? So online gambling is any kind of gambling conducted all the internet. This includes virtual poker, casino, or sports betting. What it means is, it's highly accessible. People can gamble online anytime, anywhere. They can be at home, could be at work, anywhere where they can get the internet, they can gamble. Now for some of us who enjoy gambling, that's fantastic. Now you might want a little gamble, a little bet on the football or on the horses, Grand National maybe. Go on your phone, get the app, have a little bet. What it means is, they can be quite risky, as it's very easy to access, and because it's easy to access people can gamble more and more often and then start to develop these addictive behaviours. And that's why they can get out of hand quite quickly. So what is gambling like behaviour? Pause the video, write some ideas down, I'll see you in a second. So gambling like behaviour is behaviour that's not necessarily directly linked to gambling, for example, placing a bet or doing the football, betting or the pools or something like that. But it could be, using something like an online type game. So children enjoy playing online and gaming, and they enjoy it. It can help them to build strategic teamwork and creative skills. Online gaming extends normal playing to digital landscapes and provides a chance to make new friends. But what a lot of these gambling like behaviours, in terms of these online games, is these sort of currency boxes. And these kinds of currency boxes, where you might, you know, loot boxes for example. Where you buy this loot box using money, because your account's attached to it. So it comes with a monetary value. So you buy this loot box, you don't really know what's in it. It might be really useful to the game. Or it might just be something completely pointless. You don't know, but it's a loot box. You've purchased this loot box, and you open it up and it's cost you, I don't know, an amount of money. And inside, there's nothing at all that's worth to you. That's gambling like behaviour. Yes, it's part of the game, might be fun, might be enjoyable, but it's gambling like behaviour because you're looking at trying to get an advantage. You're not sure what it is, it's exciting. You don't know what's in there, you don't know what the outcome's going to be. So therefore, it becomes chance. Therefore, there's a monetary value, trying to get something that's going to give you an advantage. What's the definition of gambling, isn't it? And this is one of the many drawbacks associated with online gaming. That children are spending money on in-game purchases like loot boxes, because they feel they have to in order to maybe keep up with their friends. So the friends are like, this far down in the game and I got this, and that really helped me get past all this. I'm going to do that, I'm going to buy that loot box. And you buy the first loot box, nothing in it. I need, X, Y and Z, you make a couple of purchases and before you know it, you demonstrated gambling like behaviours, all to just simply advance in the game. So Mohammed is a shy, studious student, keeps out of trouble, generally happy, fairly ambitious. And he's found friends online. Gaming and spends around two or three hours per day online. He's started to make in-game purchases in order to keep up with his friends. What are your concerns then about Mohammed? Pause the video and I'll see you in a second. So my concerns then with Mohammed, is that one, he's spending quite a lot of time, isn't he? Two or three hours a day on gaming is quite long time that, if you consider, you know, he's going to be at school for a big chunk of that, And then he's studious, he's got his homework And he's going to do his work 'cause he wants to do well, he's ambitious. So it sounds to me like he's maybe gaming a little bit too late into the night. Why is he spending so long on gaming? Is it because he's started to display gambling type behaviours, where maybe there's almost an addiction there, an addiction to want to do better, to get further in the game. Can't stop playing 'cause he wants to win. He wants to get further, he wants to keep up with his friends who he's made online. He wants to get far as he can in the game. He's buying these loot boxes to get an advance, to advance in the game, to get whatever it is that he needs to move forward in the game. Again, to keep up with his friends. You think about maybe the FIFA. The FIFA cards, buying more cards so you can create, and build a better team. Keep up with his friends, it's gambling like behaviour. So my concerns as well would be, does Mohammed need to build a resilience towards this, and understand that he can by all means, enjoy the game. Does he need to build up a resilience to spending money in the game, to keep up with his friends and to keep progressing? Does he need to build a resilience so that he can accept, well, I'm just enjoying the game. I'm just enjoying it, I don't need to buy these loot boxes and these extra add-ons that are costing money. In order to build that resilience, does he maybe need to speak to parents and speak to them and say to them, look, I'm spending more and more money, I can't advance, I'm struggling to advance. I can't keep up with my friends, I'm spending money on these loot boxes, but there's nothing in them. Does he need to maybe speak to his parents, speak to his teachers, open up about potentially, what we've said earlier, which is gambling like behaviour, and build that resilience. To make in-game purchases, a lot of it is attached to, could be your own, it could be parent's debit or credit card. There's usually a bank card attached to platforms. So it might be Xbox, in which case you've got a card attached to your Xbox account, playing whatever online game, whatever it is. And you're making these in purchases but what's virtual currency? Pause the video, I'll see you in a second. So virtual currency is currency held within the blockchain network that is not controlled by a centralised banking authority. Virtual currency is different than digital currency, since digital currency is simply currency issued by a bank in a digital form. So virtual currency isn't controlled by central banking authority and it isn't money, real money, but in a digital form. So can you think of any types of virtual currency? There's been quite a lot in the media over the last couple of years about virtual currency. Can you think of any? Pause the video and I'll see you in a second. One of the big and probably most obvious answer is Bitcoin. We hear a lot about Bitcoin don't we? You might not have never heard of Litecoin or Ethereum. These are all block chain, virtual currencies. There are two major types of virtual currency. We've got centralised or decentralised, XRP is centralised currency. So run by a central banking authority. Many decentralised currencies however, are based on blockchain networks, such as Bitcoin. There are many advantages and disadvantages of virtual currency. Certainly, some of the advantages is that they're convenient. The many advantage of virtual currencies is convenience. Payments with virtual currencies are fast and easy due to its network-based nature. You get it instantly, you don't have to wait an hour or two hours or two or three days. The use of virtual currencies is especially convenient in international transaction. And you think how close our world is now, we want things immediately. Businesses are constantly buying and selling of services and goods and want that money moved around instantaneously. And virtual currency's a really good way of doing that. It's decentralised. So additionally, decentralisation also avoids intermediaries. It lowers transaction costs and advices the security failure of a central administrator. But there are a lot of disadvantages as well. Lacks comprehensive regulation. So lacking of supervision from a central administrator, decentralised virtual currencies provide opportunities for illegal transactions and money laundry. And that's certainly one of the biggest issues. The other really big issue, is that they're highly volatile. How many times have we seen in the media recently where Bitcoin has gone skyrocketing? You know, people have bought one Bitcoin and now it's worth thousands, but then suddenly, it falls. Then it goes back up again and then it falls again, highly volatile. Out of the charge of a central bank, the value of a virtual currency is highly volatile. Therefore it is less favourable tool to store value or medium of exchange. For example, Bitcoin peaked at the end of 2017 at nearly $20,000 per Bitcoin. It later a dropped to around 3000 per Bitcoin. So it's highly volatile. So if you want a stable currency, then virtual currency is not necessarily going to be the best one. You want something that's quite stable. And then we've got obviously the potential security history because isn't centralised. Virtual currencies also raise security concerns. Despite improving encryption techniques, the loss or leakage of authentication information is still possible and can cause great losses to virtual currency owners. So people can hack them and that's again, obviously, if you've a lot of it, you want to protect it and you don't want any security issues. And part of that security issue is because it isn't centralised. So what I want you to do now, is complete this table. So draw table out, and I want you to write those advantages and disadvantages, I'll see you in a second. So we've talked about those advantages and disadvantages. We've talked about the advantages it's extremely convenient. And as I said, virtual currencies are fast and easy due to the network-based nature, it can get there quickly. It's decentralised, so you've lowered those transaction costs and avoided some security failure of the central administrator. But equally, there disadvantages. Lacks comprehensive regulation. So illegal transactions and money laundering. So it can be used by organised crime units in gangs, 'cause it's easy to move money as there's no regulation around the world, hiding that money because of illegal transactions, illegal things that they've been doing to generate that money. It's highly volatile, up and down, up and down. If you are an investor, you're a business person, you're not going to want a highly volatile currency. You want something that's quite stable. You know where you're at. As I said, Bitcoin peaked in 2017 at 20,000 per coin. Dropped down to 3000 quite soon after. It's on the up again, highly volatile. And we've got then obviously that potential security issue. If you've got a lot of it, you're going to want to protect it. Not only if you've got a lot of it, you don't want it to be going up in price and coming down in price as quickly as it's gone up, you want it to be quite stable. If you've got 10 Bitcoin, you want to know that that 10 Bitcoin is going to be the same price in 12 months time as it is now. At the moment, because it's decentralised, it just isn't. Could be worth more or could be worth nothing. And you want to protect your investment. Equally, you don't want people to be able to hack, break it because it's done on an algorithm, and the way they move it around, you can easily get into that and steal some of that money, or certainly the authentication process can break down. So really hope you've enjoyed the lesson today. And I think one of the big things to learn is certainly from Mohammed's point of view is building that resilience towards in-game purchases and understanding and identifying that that is gambling type behaviour. Especially if it starts getting out of control. Where he's maybe spending more and more money than he's got and it becoming a need to buy those loot boxes, as opposed to just wanting one or two. And going and seeking the advice. Being able to go speak to his parents or his teachers and confiding in them and saying, I've spent X amount of money. And you know, I keep wanting to buy more loot boxes. And the other thing is to understand that in game and played in games can be absolutely fine, and enjoyable and continue to enjoy online gaming but just recognise and build up that resilience towards maybe some of those advertisement type in-game purchases. Like I say, I've been Mr. Duffy, I really hope you've enjoyed this lesson. If you'd like to, please ask your parent or carer to share your work on Twitter, tagging @OakNational and hashtag Learn with Oak. I've been Mr. Duffy, I'm really glad you joined me today and I'll see you soon, goodbye.

Recognising problem gambling

﻿Welcome to the RSHE PSHE lesson, Internet safety and harms: Gambling, debt and targeted advertising. My name's Mr. Duffy, and today we're going to look at recognising problem gambling. Now this lesson does cover issues about gambling and addiction. If this is a sensitive topic to you, we recommend checking with a trusted adult before starting, or doing the lesson with a trusted adult nearby. So hopefully, you've done your intro quiz, you did really, really well on that. We're going to look at betting often and online games. We're then going to look at chasing losses. Anxiety and sleep loss due to gambling. Financial losses. And you'll do your exit quiz at the end. So let's take a look at some keywords then. So gambling is playing games of chance for money or material goods. An addiction is not having control over doing, taking or using something to the point where it could be harmful to you. So for this lesson, you're going to need an exercise book or paper 'cause you are going to need to do some tasks throughout the lesson, and in which case you're going to need a pen or a pencil. So let's take a look at the law then. So you need to be 18 years old to gamble legally in this country, in the UK, whether that is online or live. And what we mean online is obviously these online casinos, and live is actually going maybe to a casino or a bingo hall, for example. Now, the minimum gambling age for lotteries and football pools in the UK is 16 years old. So Mohammed then has an older brother who spends all day in the bookies, okay, and he's there at least three times a week. In between betting on horse racing, he is playing on the fruit machines. What are your concerns about Mohammed's brother. Pause the video, I'll see you in a second. Fantastic. So my concerns really, certainly for Mohammed's brother, is that he's spending quite a lot of time in the bookies. He's certainly in there three times a week. Now, the argument there, obviously, two days could be Saturday and Sunday, that's fine, and maybe one day during the week, during the working week. Does he not have a job to go to? That would be my concern. Maybe he's meant to be working Monday to Friday. He might have an extra day off, which is fine, but is he meant to be working Monday to Friday? In which case, he's now starting to gamble in the place of doing his job. So his job is being affected potentially. My other concern is that he's all day in there spending money. And he could maybe put £10 on a horse race. You know, six horse races, you're looking at what, £60? In between playing the slot machines. Maybe again, putting £10 in every time. So we're looking at £120 potentially every single day for three days. That's quite a lot of money, isn't it? You know, £360 a week on betting. Has he got that money? Can he afford to potentially lose that money? Those certainly are the things that I would be concerned about. Has it gone from being just a bit of a socialisation, a bit of a fun pastime, to maybe something a little more serious that? And is there an element here now that we're seeing gambling-like behaviour which is starting to turn and manifest itself into what we would call an addiction? So gambling problems can happen to anyone from any walk of life. And as we've said in previous lessons and as you're probably fully well aware, people can become addicted to pretty much anything. And someone who's gambling can go from, as I said, fun, harmless, just having a little bit of fun, just betting a little bit on the horses, to suddenly becoming an unhealthy obsession where there can be some serious consequences. A compulsive gambler can't control the impulse to gamble, and that's the issue isn't it? That they can't say no. They need to gamble no matter what, whether they've got the money or not, whether they have the time or not, whether it upsets a family member. Is is going to upset their wife or their husband or their partner or somebody close to them? Irrespective of whether it's going to do damage to a relationship, or whether they're going to do damage to their job, or their finances, it doesn't matter. Gambling is the overriding factor and they will gamble no matter what. And that's where we could have these negative consequences for either themselves or potentially for a loved one. So what do you think are the signs of a compulsive gambler? What would you say are the signs for someone who is addicted to gambling? I want you to pause the video, and we'll see in a second. So the signs of compulsive gambling are not just restricted to the ones that you can see. These may be, for argument's sake, the most obvious. But what's really important to understand is that a gambler can hide these quite easily. For someone who's addicted to alcohol and drugs, there's generally physical signs, you can generally see a deterioration in the way that they look, maybe in a loss of weight, the fact that they appear hungover, potentially, specifically if it's alcohol-related. And you can see those physical signs, that they're not taking care of themself. But for gambling, it can be hidden. And the signs and the kind of things we're looking for here are things where they're pre-occupied with gambling, consistently and constantly playing. Might be at the weekends when there's a family social gathering, and they're on their phones gambling. They're not interested in what's going on. That could be a sign of compulsive gambling. Needing to gamble, more importantly, with increasing amounts of money to get the same thrill. We talk, don't we, about drugs and alcohol and somebody needing more of the substance to get the same thrill, and it's the same with gambling. That that £5 bet, each-way bet, isn't really going to cut it anymore. They want a £10 winning bet, £20, £30, £100, and it starts to escalate. They need to spend more money to get that same thrill. Because the prize is greater. The more you bet, the likely is that you're going to win a substantial amount of money, or certainly more money than if you were to bet a smaller amount. One of the problem sides is that, actually, they're trying to cut back but without success, so they can't really cut back. It's like, "Well, I won't gamble on a Saturday. I won't gamble on a Saturday, I'll spend time with my family," and actually, it transpires that they can't. Trying to get back lost money. Now that's a really big one. This can also be known as chasing losses. So they may have lost £100, they're now going to bet £200. The original, the money that they've lost, plus an extra amount to win the money back that they lost and then win more on top. It's called chasing losses and that can really spiral out of control extremely quickly. Lying to family members and others to hide the extent of gambling. They may be ashamed, they may realise that, actually, they're gambling way too much and, in reality, they realise it's an issue, but they don't want to admit it. So they may say, "I've just betted £10 on that one horse race." When actually, they've not, they've maybe betted more money. They may have had a bet on more races. And that ultimately can lead to financial trouble. At the end of the day, a gambler is gambling money or goods. Could be gambling their car or goods that they have, but predominantly money. And what that means is that the more money they gamble, if they lose more money, provided they can afford it, okay. But if they can't afford it, then, obviously, they're potentially going to lose that money. So chasing losses is a sign of compulsive gambling. Is that true or false? Make your choice, we'll see you in a second. Obviously it is true. Problem gamblers can't cope with a loss. find it really difficult 'cause they want to win, they enjoy the thrill of winning. Also they may have gambled quite a bit of money and they don't want or can't afford to lose that money. And the pain of losing can feel so overwhelming, that rather than stick to a staking strategy, which means, "Right, I'm going to bet £10 every race and that's fine, I'm going to stick to my stake" or the amount that they're betting, "And that's fine." And the can tolerate a short-term loss. However, problem gamblers, as I said, will double up on that stake, and it's a real desperate attempt to reclaim past losses, which obviously can cause a huge problem because it just spirals out of control very, very quickly. So chasing losses simply means trying to win back money that somebody's already lost by gambling more. Unfortunately, chasing usually results in more losses which can lead to more chasing losses, and it's that cycle which can be really difficult to break. It's been quite documented, particularly in the past, with some high-profile footballers chasing their losses, gambling thousands and thousands of pounds to reclaim the money that they've already lost to try and win it back and being unsuccessful, and how difficult it was to just stop and break that cycle. But when you're chasing losses and trying to claim your money back, it just becomes a desperate, desperate cycle of continually going after those losses. They might win £100 at the casino and they're leaving quickly to go and get £200 out of the cash machine to try and win the £100 back, and they're just in that cycle. So what are the consequences then of chasing losses? Pause the video, I'll see you in a second. So it's the same really with problem gambling, isn't it? Chasing losses is ultimately, potentially, going to put people into a financial problem. Ultimately, potentially leading to bankruptcy. It can lead, naturally, to relationship problems. If they've spent money that the family rely on, maybe for their mortgage, for food, for bills, for their children, et cetera, et cetera, that's going to put a strain on the relationship. Legal problems. Falling into debt. Owing people money. Getting behind on payments. Potentially having to steal money to find that extra money that they need to either pay off a debt or maybe to gamble with, which ultimately could lead to imprisonment, especially if they're gaining money through fraudulent activities or by theft. Poor work performance or job loss. Potentially they're so concernedly trying to win money that, as I said earlier with Mohammed's brother, maybe they're not working, maybe they're not paying attention to their job. That's going to lead to poor general health, mental health issues because of the stress and anxiety, which, ultimately, can lead sadly to suicide attempts or suicidal thoughts. So problem gambling and chasing those losses and getting into difficultly can have a severe impact on someone who has an issue with gambling. So anxiety and sleep loss can be associated with compulsive gambling. Is that true or false? Make your choice, and I'll see you in a second. That is true. Now, gambling physically alters the brain, making more people or making people more prone to anxiety and depression. And, ultimately, this can lead to sleep loss. And the reason why is because of all those issues that we talked about before. So compulsive gambling then, chasing losses, as we said, can lead to financial problems due to large sums of money lost, and it generally does spiral out of control extremely quickly. And this can ultimately lead to sleep loss and anxiety. And it could lead to someone gambling more and more in order to escape those problems, and, as we said, people can end up in this cycle. So Mohammed has now noticed money has been going missing from the family home and his brother is spending more time in the bookies. So he's no longer in there three times a week, he's in there more, potentially five times a week. What are your concerns then about Mohammed's brother? Pause the video, write some ideas down, and we'll see you in a second. So my concerns then here is he's now potentially stealing money to fund either a gambling addiction, and he needs that money to continue gambling, and he needs that money to get the same thrill. Or he's in a financial situation in which he can't afford maybe bills, he owes people money possibly, which is obviously a real, real concern. The fact that he's in there now five, six times a week needing more money, gambling more money, is he now in this cycle of chasing losses? And that could be particularly evident with the fact the Mohammed's brother is now trying to get more and more money to potentially pay off a gambling debt and reclaim those losses from gambling. With any addiction, whether it's gambling, smoking, alcohol, drugs, if people go and seek help, they can get better, and I think that's really important to understand that just because someone could be a gambling addict today, doesn't mean they're going to be a gambling addict for the rest of their life. And they can get help and there are plenty of organisations out there who can help, and they can get better, and I think that's really positive. So these organization's websites can provide further information. Be Gamble Aware, NHS and Gam Care. Now these ones are really useful. If you want to go out and just find a bit more information about the topic that we've been discussing today. Or if you want to do a bit of further reading, these websites are a really good place to start. I really hope you've enjoyed the lesson today, and I really hope you've learnt something. If you'd like to, please ask your parent or carer to share you work on Twitter tagging @OakNational and #LearnwithOak. I'd like to say I've been Mr. Duffy, I really hope you've enjoyed the lesson today and I hope to see you soon, goodbye.

This lesson explores targeted advertising, algorithms and cookies and digital footprint.

Targeted advertising

The lesson explores influencer endorsements and being cautious to online reviews.

Influencer endorsements

﻿Welcome to the RSHE lesson, internet safety and harms; gambling, debt and targeted advertising. My name's Mr Duffy, I'm really glad you've joined me today. We're going to look today at influencer endorsements. So hopefully you've done your intro quiz and you did really, really well on that. We're then going to look at clarity over paid influencer promotions. Cautionary approach to online reviews. And you'll do your exit quiz at the end. So let's take a look at some keywords, then. So social media, these are websites and applications that enable users to create and share content or to participate in social networking. And an influencer is a person with the ability to influence potential buyers of a product or service by promoting or recommending the item on social media. So first lesson you will need an exercise book or paper because you will need to do some tasks throughout the lesson, and in which case, you're going to need to write something down. So you will need a pen or a pencil. So what is social media? So social media is an interactive, computer-mediated, technologies that facilitate the creation or sharing of information, ideas, career interests and other forms of expression via virtual communities and networks. So why do we have social media? Social media comes down to a simple basic human desire, which is to connect with other humans and to be part of the group. Social media came about at a time after the world had, in many ways, become one. Technology and the internet have made it so we can connect with anyone, anywhere, anytime. We are connected to people 24 hours a day, seven days a week. And we can meet people who share similar interests to us, which is why the influencer is really important because they have people following them of a similar interest. So how old do you have to be, then, to have a social media account? I want you to pause the video and write down your ideas, and I'll see you in a second. So for many social media apps, you would need to be 13 years old. So Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, Twitter and TikTok: 13. WhatsApp is 16, which was actually something I didn't realise, to be fair. It was only until doing the research for these lessons that I realised and found out that you need to be 16. YouTube is 18 years old. However, you can be 13, providing you've got permission from your parent or a carer. So write down some groups of people that you are influenced by. Pause the video, and we'll you see in a second So who did you get, then? Family? Absolutely, we're definitely influenced by our family members. That may be our parents, siblings, might be even further family members, such as cousins, our aunties and uncles. We're all influenced by the decisions that they make, maybe the things that they drive, the clothes that they wear, the activities that they do. We are influenced by them. We're influenced by our friends. Our friends create a bit of a, a brand themselves, and wear certain clothes, and do certain things, and play with certain toys, maybe with younger children particularly, and as a result, they're influenced by that. And ultimately they want what it is that they've got. Celebrities. We follow a lot of celebrities on social media, generally because we're interested in what they're doing. But also, that then manifests itself into actually being influenced by what they're doing. Certainly my wife is interested in Stacey Solomon, and will watch and follow Stacey Solomon. And as a result, we have Tupperware tubs in our utility room because she's influenced by the things that she's doing. And then finally we have influencers themselves. And we're influenced by the things that they put out to us. An influencer is someone who has the power to affect the purchasing decisions of others because of his or her authority, knowledge, position or relationship with his or her audience. They may follow a distinct niche with whom he or she actively engages within. It is important to know that these individuals are not merely marketing tools, but rather social relationship assets with which brands can collaborate to achieve their marketing objectives. So what are they, social media influencers? Well, over the last decade, we've seen social media grow rapidly in importance. According to the January 2019 "We Are Social" report, 3.4 billion people actively use social media. That's 45% of the world's population. Inevitably, these people look up to influencers in social media to guide them with their decision marketing and their decision making. So influencers in social media are people who have built up a reputation for their knowledge and expertise on a specific topic. They make regular posts about the topic on their preferred social media channels and generate large followings of enthusiastic, engaged people, who pay close attention to their views. Brands love social media influencers because they can create trends and encourage their followers to buy products they promote. And part of that is because they've built up a trust. The influencer has built up trust with their many followers. So there are different types of influencers, and you can separate different types of influencers in multiple ways. Some of the most common methods are by follower numbers, by types of content, and by the level of influence. You can also group influencers by the niche in which they operate. This means that influencers who may appear in a low category by one measure may seem more influential when looked at in another way. For example, many mega-influencers are also celebrities, yet both these groups often have less real influence on their audience because they lack expertise in a dedicated narrow niche. Some micro- and even nano-influencers can have tremendous impact on followers in their specialist niche. They may be of significant benefit to a firm selling a product targeting that sector. So let's take a look, then, by follower numbers. Many mega-influencers are celebrities who have gained their fame online, movie stars, sports people, musicians and even reality television stars. Some mega-influencers have gained their vast following through their online and social activities. However, only major brands should approach mega-influencers for influencer marketing. However, their services will be costly, up to $1 million per post. And they will most likely be extremely fussy about with whom they choose to partner. In virtually every case, mega-influencers will have agents working on their behalf to make any marketing deals. So macro-influencers are one step down, and may be more accessible as influencer marketers. You would consider people with followers in the range between 40,000 and a million followers on social networks to be a macro-influencer. This group tends to consist of two types of people. They are either B-grade celebrities, who haven't yet made it to the big time, or they are successful online experts who have built up more significant followings on the typical micro-influencers. The latter type of macro-influencer is likely to be more useful for firms engaging in influencer marketing. Macro-influencers generally have a high profile and can be excellent at raising awareness. There are more macro-influencers than mega-influencers, so it should be easier for a brand to find a macro-influencer willing to work with them. They are also more likely to be used to working with brands than micro-influencers, making communication easier. So the next one down is micro-influencer. Micro-influencers are ordinary everyday people who have become known for their knowledge about some specific or specialist niche. As such, they have usually gained a sizeable social media following amongst devotees of that niche. Of course, it is not just the number of followers that indicates the level of influence, it is the relationship and the interaction that a micro-influencer has with his or her followers. Micro-influencers usually have between 1,000 and 40,000 followers on a single social platform. Finally, we have a nano-influencer. These are the newest influencer type to gain recognition is the nano-influencer. These people only have a small number of followers, but they tend to be experts in an obscure or highly specialised field. You can think of nano-influencers as being the proverbial big fish in a small pond. In many cases, they have fewer than a thousand followers, but they will be keen and interested followers willing to engage with nano-influencers and listen to his or her opinion. We also have types of content. These can include bloggers, YouTubers, podcasters and social posts only. We can also look at by the level of influencer. Influencer marketing grew out of celebrity endorsement. Businesses have found, for many years, that their sales usually rise When a celebrity promotes or endorses their product. There are still many cases of companies, particularly high-end brands, using celebrities as influencers. So what I'd like you to do is copy the mind map outline, and try to add two examples to each section of the mind map. Pause the video. Off you go, I'll see you soon. So can you identify any social media or online influencers? Pause the video, and I'll see you in a second. So these are, according to the Digital Marketing Institute, the top nine influencers currently. So we've got there Daily Dose, Huda Kattan, Cameron Dallas, Kayla, Cooking with Mima, Selena Gomez, Kylie Jenner, Cristiano Ronaldo and Zach King. It's really important to understand that, and it's certainly something that I didn't realise, is I don't recognise half of those names. Certainly Selena Gomez, Kylie Jenner, Cristiano Ronaldo, obviously. I don't know any of those other ones. And it's possibly because they attract maybe a niche, or certainly it's not something that I'm certainly interested in, in terms of what I need or want to find out. And my wife, she will certainly follow different people, because she's interested in what they're saying or what they're doing. So influencers target people based on what their interests are, which is why they're perfect for marketers. So how do influencers, then, try to actually influence us? Pause the video, write down some of your ideas, and I'll see you in a second. So one of the things that they do is they create what we call trends. And this could be as simple as creating a fashion trend, in which a fashion brand may create a trend that social media influencers wear and use. In which case, their followers then become used to seeing and want to follow it as well. They use user-generated content, so watching someone use the product. So it might be that maybe a particular influencer is a tree surgeon and a brand may get them to use a certain type of chainsaw. And people who follow this particular tree surgeon, maybe tree surgeons themselves, will see this, and as a result, will hopefully go and purchase that particular equipment. Engagement, so brand loyalty through social media is a really big one, and I think brand loyalty is really important to a lot of people. And one of the things is they're using a certain brand over a period of time. And, again, they are creating what we call trust with the influencer. They trust them. And it's like a little family. Sometimes the numbers aren't huge, we're saying up to 40,000 people, potentially, for certain types of influencer size. And if they have a real trust within their little close group, the marketing companies and media influencers are more likely to want to work with one another. Peer recommendations. And promotions, discounts, and deals on social media. So how do you know if you're being influenced or not? Pause the video, and we'll see you in a second. The honest answer, really, here is it can be quite difficult. Certainly adverts on things like TikTok will say "skip ad," or that this is an advertisement. They have to make it clear. And an influencer needs to make it clear. And there's certain bodies out there that will ensure that these influencers, celebrities, will follow advertisement guidelines. So that's really important. So the influencer must state to the viewer that they are being paid to recommend a product or service. And if they don't make that clear, then they can be in breach of advertising rules. Adverts will show up based on your cookies and search viewing history. So one of the things is that your cookies, and the things that you've been on, will be monitored. And then adverts will be targeted towards you based on what you're looking at. So that's one way of knowing how you're being influenced. So what can you do, then? So one of the things you can do is become a bit of a critical viewer. And what that means is that you need to be able to have the confidence to differentiate between an advert and advice, and understand and differentiate between where you're trying to be influenced by an influencer to buy a certain brand of, whatever it may well be. But it's also to differentiate, really, and understand this is clearly an advert, and this isn't. You can delete or remove your cookies, but one thing I will say here is please ensure that you have spoken to an adult before doing this, and ideally get an adult to do this for you. But one of the things you can do, is just remove or delete your cookies, in which case you won't get all those adverts aimed and tagged at you. But once again, please speak to a trusted adult before doing this. The other thing that's really important is do not click on anything that you do not recognise. And I think the biggest important thing to learn here is that this could be a virus or malware, which could affect your computer. So just become a little bit of a critical viewer. The people that you follow on social media, they will be paid at times to endorse certain products or services. And just be aware of the ones where they're just talking about general day-to-day life, or whatever it is that they're talking about, and when it becomes an advert. So on that, then, you should trust all online reviews. Is that true or false? Make your choice, and I'll see you in a second. It's false. Online reviews are there to help you. Online reviews are there to help you make a purchasing decision, whether that's for a holiday, or whether that's for a product or service. And like with any review, whether you hear it face-to-face from a friend, you should always treat that review with caution. Some reviews are, yeah, absolutely accurate. Sometimes when picking a holiday, you certainly might get an understanding of the person writing the review. Because actually something that they don't like, might be because maybe they are older than you and don't want that experience. But for you, absolutely perfect. But sometimes they can be unreasonable. They can be undetailed, and in some cases can actually be fake. So how to spot a fake review can be really difficult. Certainly do your research. Certainly have a look around at different products, and get a feel for that product. Check out other reviews on other websites. Generally reviews, certainly for big, high expensive products, whether it's a holiday or a car, generally come with more than one review. Something maybe of a lower monetary value may have maybe just a review on a particular website. But, again, read all the reviews. Get a bit of a feel for it. On websites like Amazon, Yelp or TripAdvisor, take a look at the users' profiles and read other reviews that they may have posted. Certainly on Amazon, and Yelp or TripAdvisor, sometimes people can make fake accounts and make fake reviews, sometimes positive, to try and get people to buy that product, And sometimes negative, because they're trying to take you away from that product and point you in the direction of another one. And I think that sometimes that can be to try and place a product inside a review, which they're not really allowed to do, and certainly isn't helpful to you when looking at reviews. And be aware of those, particularly the reviews where it says this product is rubbish, or this product doesn't work very well, however, I purchased this product instead and here's a link. Those ones generally are trying to jump into the review and create what we call a fake review to try and get you to purchase something else. If their only reviews are praise for one particular place or product, or complaints about a particular place or product, they're likely to be untrue. Because not everybody is going to like a particular product or service. It's unlikely, yes, you might get five stars, but generally, reading through, you start to build up a picture of things that are good about it, and things that aren't. Even all five star reviews will have some form of negative. Look at the reviews that have a bit of a balance to them. So, if you'd like to, please ask your parent or carer to share your work on Twitter, tagging @OakNational and #LearnwithOak. I hope you've learned something today. I hope you've really enjoyed the lesson today. Like I said, I've been Mr Duffy. I'm really glad you could join me today, and hopefully I'll see you soon. Goodbye!

This lesson explores the risk of online financial lending.

Unit Overview: Internet safety and harms: Gambling, debt and targeted advertising

Lessons:

Understanding gambling

Resilience towards gambling

Recognising problem gambling

Targeted advertising

Influencer endorsements

Risks of online financial lending