﻿Hi, I'm Miss Earthrowl and welcome to lesson 11 in the key stage three scheme of work on plate tectonics. Today we're going to be looking at what happened in 2010 in Haiti when an earthquake struck the country. We're going to find out about the primary and the secondary effects and the damage that the earthquake caused. For today's lesson you will need a pen and a pencil. You will also need a piece of paper and an exercise book to write in. I suggest you try and find yourself a quiet space away from any distractions so that you can focus on the lesson. So gather those items, get yourself ready and I'll see back watching the video when you're all set to go. Welcome back. Today we're looking at this question, what happened in the 2010 Haiti earthquake? Causes that the 2010 Haiti earthquake. The Republic of Haiti is located close to the plate boundary between North American and Caribbean plate. You can see that on this map here. The Caribbean plate is marked out in a pale orange and the North American plate in a pale brown. As there is tectonic activity at this plate boundary it leads to fault lines being created nearby. A fault line is a break or fracture in the Earth's crust. Haiti has a large fault line running all the way through it. You can see it here on the map marked by the big red line. The plates are moving in opposite directions with a shift of approximately seven millimetres per year. This means that Haiti is lying on a conservative plate boundary. Those plates are moving past each other, they've got rough edges so as they do the friction causes them to get stuck. As the pressure builds up, it builds up more and more and then suddenly released in a sudden movement, which is the earthquake. A quick recap on earthquakes. So an earthquake focus is the source of the earthquake beneath the Earth's surface. The epicentre is the point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus. If you look at this diagram you can see a line now appearing showing that it's directly above on the Earth's surface. The seismic waves are fast waves of energy generated at the focus of the earthquake. They go outwards in all directions and they're what cause the destructive force of an earthquake. The Haiti earthquake occurred on the 12th of January, 2010. The epicentre was 25.75 kilometres from the capital Port-au-Prince. You can see that marked on the map here. We've got this blue line marking that near distance again with the key on the other side of the screen. Lots of people live in Port-au-Prince. It's said to be very densely populated. So therefore lots of people were at risk from the violent shaking of the earth. The depth of the focus was very shallow at 12.87 kilometres. This means that all of those seismic waves coming out would have been very close to the surface and so they would have been very strong as soon as they reached the surface. Now a quick task. I want you to use the map to help you answer the following questions. You can see the same map that we've been looking at in the lesson with A, B and C marked on it. I want you to answer what is the name of the capital city, A? What is B? Hint, it is directly above the focus. And name the type of boundary at C. Describe how the plate's moving. Pause the video now to complete your task and resume when you've finished. Excellent, let's see how you've done. So A is Port-au-Prince, the capital city of Haiti. B is the epicentre of the earthquake in 2010. It was only 25.75 kilometres from the capital city. I've given an extra bits of information there so I've given myself an extra tick. C is the conservative plate boundary. Well done if you managed to name the type of plate boundary and give yourself a tick. It's found along the fault line, the plates are moving in opposite directions at seven millimetres per year. As I've added extra information again I've given myself another tick. You may have written a whole description of what's going on at a conservative plate boundary. Really well done if you managed to get down that detail. The next question I'd like you to answer is about the focus. The focus was very shallow. How did this make the earthquake even more destructive? To help you out I've put the definition of the focus here with showing the seismic waves. The focus is the source of the earthquake beneath the Earth's surface. Pause the video to complete your task. Did you get it? The fact that the focus was so shallow made the earthquake more destructive as those seismic waves would have been stronger when they reached the surface. All of this would've made Haiti very vulnerable to the earthquake damage. So how strong was the earthquake in 2010? On the Richter scale it said it was a seven. You can see on this map the epicentre is marked by a star and you can see the red colour is where the shaking was really, really intense. You can see that as you get further away from the epicentre the shaking intensity and the violent destruction decreases. We also have the Mercalli scale which takes into account people's reactions and the damage seen on the ground. It was said to be eight on the Mercalli scale which is severe. Eight is also marked, as you can see at the bottom in the credit by a VIII. You can see from the picture that it would've meant that buildings and items would have fallen and collapsed, particularly if the building structure was very poorly designed. Here are some key Haiti earthquake facts. On the 12th of January, 2010, an earthquake struck Haiti. The epicentre was 25.75 kilometres from the capital Port-au-Prince. The depth of the focus was 12.87 kilometres deep. It measured seven on the Richter scale and eight on the Mercalli scale. There's also a map here which shows the location of the earthquake's epicentre in relation to the rest of the country and Port-au-Prince, the capital. If you'd like to, I suggest you pause the video now to get down some of these key case study facts. You could even draw a map if you would like to. Great, well done if you managed to do that. Now we're going to look at the effects. So the primary effects are the direct impacts of an event. For example, people killed, injured or buildings collapsed. These would have happened as the earthquake was happening and the earth was shaking. Secondary effects are the indirect impacts of an event occurring in the weeks, hours, months after the event. So for example, the outbreak of disease from contaminated water. The earthquake itself may have broken the water pipes which would have been a primary effect but the secondary effect of that is indirect, it happens afterwards, and that's that the water would have become contaminated or dirty and that people would have suffered from disease. These are two key terms that we're going to be using in the lesson so pause the video now to get them copied down quickly. Great, now we've got a better understanding of what that means I'm going to disappear. I've got the primary and secondary effects definitions on the screen to give you a helping hand. I'm going to show you some key facts from the Haiti earthquake. You can see here we've got one fact that 316,000 deaths during the earthquake. Pretty shocking. I want you to decide if this is a primary or secondary effect? So the fact: 316,000 deaths during the earthquake. Is it primary or is it secondary? It is a primary effect. Well done if you managed to get that. The next one, Haiti's important clothes factories were destroyed. This is a primary effect because it happened during the earthquake because of the shaking. After the earthquake, one in five jobs were lost. This would be a secondary effect. That's because it happened after the earthquake. I gave you a bit of an extra clue there in the fact. Water supply pipes were destroyed. This would be primary. It's a direct impact of the event and the shaking of the Earth's crust. Cholera, a bacterial disease from dirty water, killed a further 8,000 people. This would be a secondary effect. That's because it happened after the event. The earthquake itself didn't cause the cholera but it did cause the broken pipes that allowed the water to become dirty and contaminated. Therefore this is an indirect impact or a secondary effect. Eight hospitals collapsed and were destroyed. This would be a primary effect as it would have happened during the earthquake. One million people were made homeless. This is a bit tricky. Now it would be a primary effect, they were made homeless straight away as their buildings and houses collapsed, but it would have had a lot of secondary effects as well because it would have carried on after the earthquake. A 60% reduction in the number of clothes and textiles exported, shipped, to other countries. This would be a secondary effect. Now this would be an economic secondary effect because it would have resulted in the country being able to make less money. Not only did the clothes factories collapse during the earthquake but there was lots of damage to the ports as well. This meant that the country would not have been able to make money by exporting those clothes and textiles and selling them to other nations. This would be a secondary effect. Increasing crimes such as looting, which means stealing. This would be a secondary effect. Lots of people were really affected by the earthquake. They'd lost houses, they'd lost their jobs. Therefore lots of people turned to crime. What I've done is put these statements and impacts and effects into a table for you. I want you to pause the video quickly and get these copied down so you've got some of that key information in your notes. Great, thank you for copying that down. I would like you now to use that information to complete the task below. I want you to explain how the following two primary effects had such a negative impact on the people of Haiti. The first one to consider is one million people were made homeless. And the second, 300,000 people were injured. I want you to go on to, oh, sorry, I've given you a model answer for that. One million people were made homeless, this was because the houses were poorly built and so the earthquake caused them to collapse. I've given two ticks there 'cause I've not only commented on the fact that they were, they collapsed, but also that that's because they were poorly built. This had such a negative impact because people had nowhere to live. For the second part of the task I want you to explain how the following secondary effect had such a negative impact on the people of Haiti. The effect I want you to consider is cholera, a bacterial disease from dirty water, killed a further 8,000 people. So pause the video now to complete your task. Press resume when you've finished. Great, let's take a look. Did you get it? We've already been through this first answer. The second one, 300,000 people were injured. This was because people's houses and the public buildings were poorly built and so the earthquake caused them to collapse. We've got two ticks there because we've said that the earthquakes caused them to collapse and that's because they were poorly built. This had such a negative impact because, and I've pulled in another fact here, eight hospitals were also destroyed and so people found it hard to get medical care. Imagine you're injured, you'd normally go to a hospital. But unfortunately, if they've been destroyed in the earthquake it means that it has an even bigger impact on the population. And for the second task cholera, a bacterial disease from dirty water, killed a further 8,000 people. This is because water pipes were broken during the earthquake and so the water supply became contaminated. You can see clearly the chain of reasoning there. We've got water pipes being broken, being one tick, and then the water supply becoming contaminated being a second tick. This had such a negative impact because medical treatment was difficult to get, we already know that from our previous answer, so this led to many more deaths. Well done if you managed to get those reasons down. If you want to you can pause the video to make sure that you've got the information. So how big a role did Haiti's level of development play? Economically Haiti is considered to be a developing country. A developing country is often quite poor compared to others with fewer services and a lower standard of living. Now deciding if a country is developed or developing is quite a tricky thing to do because there are lots of different indicators or things that suggest how rich or poor a country might be. That's because development isn't in just those two categories, it's on a continuum. We would suggest that Haiti would be in the developing part of the spectrum whereas a country like the UK would be considered to be richer compared to others, have more services and a higher standard of living. Therefore we'd say that the UK was developed. We also get emerging economies, such as Indonesia, who are rapidly developing and making lots more money and building lots more services, improving their standard of living at a very fast rate. The question I want you to consider with this idea in mind is would Haiti have been able to afford to prepare and protect by building earthquake proof buildings? How would this have affected the number of people killed and injured? So for your main task for today's lesson, here are those two questions, would Haiti have been able to afford to prepare and protect by building earthquake proof buildings? How would this have affected the number of people killed and injured? Use the information below to help you answer the question. I've put some key facts on the screen which you can use to help with your answer. So have a go at writing down your answers to these questions. Pause the video to complete your task and press resume when you've finish. Let's see, did you get it? Haiti is considered a developing country and its GDP, which is US $6.623 billion is relatively low compared to other countries. I've given a tick there because I've started to explain why it's a developing country and used one of those key facts to help me. This means that as a country, Haiti has less money to spend on planning and preparation. I've interpreted what that would mean to be able to prepare for an earthquake. As there's less money available there's less money to spend on things like earthquake proofed buildings. Earthquake proofed buildings are very expensive and Haiti could not afford to build them. There you go, a really clear explanation so I've been given another tick. Therefore, more buildings collapsed during the earthquake because they were poorly built. Wow, so we've got here more buildings collapsed because they were poorly built and another tick. Killing 316,000 people, a tick for giving that key fact, and injuring 300,000. Now that answer would be a very good quality answer to explain your reasoning but I've added a bit extra on here as well. If Haiti had the money to prepare for the earthquake and build earthquake proof buildings, the number of people killed and injured would probably have been lower, and that would get a tick, as fewer buildings would have collapsed. And another tick. Well done if you managed to get that right. So in today's lesson we've been looking at the earthquake that struck Haiti in 2010 and we've been looking at the primary and secondary effects of that destructive shaking of a seven magnitude earthquake. Next lesson, we're going to be looking at tsunamis and how they're formed. I hope to see you then. Share your work with Oak National. If you'd like to, please ask your parents or carer to share your work on Instagram, Facebook or Twitter tagging @planetearthrowl, @OakNational and #LearnwithOak.

This lesson will look at the causes and impacts of the Haiti 2010 earthquake.

Geography

Y8 Geography

Key Stage 3

Year 8

Miss

What happened in the 2010 Haiti earthquake?

Tectonics

UNIT

What is the structure of the Earth?

What evidence is there that the Earth's crust moves?

How do the Earth's plates move?

What are the different plate boundaries?

What are composite and shield volcanoes?

How can we predict, protect and prepare for volcanic eruptions?

What are the positive and negative impacts of volcanoes?

How can we measure and predict earthquakes?

How can we prepare and protect against the impact of earthquakes?

Where is Haiti and what is it like?

What are tsunamis and how do they form?

Where is Japan and what is it like?

What happened during the 2011 Japanese tsunami?

Lesson overview: What happened in the 2010 Haiti earthquake?

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